Exploring the hepatoprotective roles of kasni (Cichorium intybus) and behidana (Cydonia oblonga) in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A traditional approach to a modern epidemic: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a rapidly growing global health concern characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the liver often associated with metabolic syndrome, obesity and diabetes. Conventional pharmacological treatments for NAFLD remain limited, prompting interest in traditional medicinal plants with hepatoprotective potential. This comprehensive review explores the roles of Kasni (Cichorium intybus) and Behidana (Cydonia oblonga)—two botanicals widely used in Unani and other traditional systems—in managing NAFLD. Preclinical and clinical evidence highlights their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering and insulin-sensitizing properties which collectively contribute to liver protection and metabolic improvement. Despite promising outcomes, challenges such as lack of standardized extracts, limited large-scale clinical trials and safety data hinder their wider clinical acceptance. Integrating traditional knowledge with modern hepatology, supported by rigorous research and digital health innovations, could pave the way for these botanicals as safe, effective adjunct therapies in NAFLD. This review discusses current scientific findings, clinical evidence and future research directions to facilitate evidence-based incorporation of Kasni and Behidana into contemporary liver disease management.