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Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

The Lancet Neurology · 2018 · Vol. 18(1) · pp. 56–87

Spencer L James✉(University of Groningen)Alice Theadom(University of Groningen)Richard G. Ellenbogen(University of Groningen)Marlena S. Bannick(University of Groningen)Wcliff Montjoy-VenningLydia R Lucchesi(University of Groningen)Nooshin Abbasi(University of Groningen)Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader(University of Washington)Haftom Niguse Abraha(University of Groningen)José Carmelo Adsuar(University of Groningen)Mohsen Afarideh(University of Groningen)Sutapa Agrawal(University of Groningen)Alireza Ahmadi(University of Groningen)Muktar Beshir Ahmed(University of Groningen)Amani Nidhal Aichour(University of Groningen)Ibtihel Aichour(University of Groningen)Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour(University of Groningen)Rufus Akinyemi(University of Groningen)Nadia Akseer(University of Groningen)Fares Alahdab(University of Groningen)Animut Alebel(University of Groningen)Suliman Alghnam(University of Groningen)Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali(University of Groningen)Ubai Alsharif(University of Groningen)Khalid A Altirkawi(University of Groningen)Cătălina Liliana Andrei(University of Groningen)Mina Anjomshoa(University of Groningen)Hossein Ansari(University of Groningen)Mustafa Geleto Ansha(University of Groningen)Carl Abelardo T. Antonio(University of Groningen)Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah(University of Groningen)Filippo Ariani(University of Groningen)Nigus Gebremedhin Asefa(University of Groningen)Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom(University of Groningen)Suleman Atique(University of Groningen)Ashish Awasthi(University of Groningen)Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla(University of Groningen)Ayuk Betrand Tambe(University of Groningen)Peter Azzopardi(University of Groningen)Hamid Badali(University of Groningen)Alaa Badawi(University of Groningen)Shivanthi Balalla(University of Groningen)Amrit Banstola(University of Groningen)Suzanne Barker‐Collo(University of Groningen)Till Bärnighausen(University of Groningen)Neeraj Bedi(University of Groningen)Masoud Behzadifar(University of Groningen)Meysam Behzadifar(University of Groningen)Bayu Begashaw Bekele(University of Groningen)Abate Bekele Belachew(University of Groningen)Yihalem Abebe Belay(University of Groningen)Derrick Bennett(University of Groningen)Isabela M. Benseñor(University of Groningen)Adugnaw Berhane(University of Groningen)Mircea Beuran(University of Groningen)Ashish Bhalla(University of Groningen)Soumyadeep Bhaumik(University of Groningen)Zulfiqar A Bhutta(University of Groningen)Belete Biadgo(University of Groningen)Marco Biffino(University of Groningen)Ali Bijani(University of Groningen)Nigus Bililign(University of Groningen)Charles Birungi(University of Groningen)Soufiane Boufous(University of Groningen)Alexandra Bražinová(University of Groningen)Allen W. Brown(University of Groningen)Mate Car(University of Groningen)Rosario Cárdenas(University of Groningen)Juan Jesús Carrero(University of Groningen)Félix Carvalho(University of Groningen)Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela(University of Groningen)Ferrán Catalá-López(University of Groningen)Yazan Chaiah(University of Groningen)Ana Paula Silva Champs(University of Groningen)Jung‐Chen Chang(University of Groningen)Jee-Young Jasmine Choi(University of Groningen)Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher(University of Groningen)Cyrus Cooper(University of Groningen)Christopher S. Crowe(University of Groningen)Lalit Dandona(University of Groningen)Rakhi Dandona(University of Groningen)Ahmad Daryani(University of Groningen)Dragoş Virgil DaviţoiuMeaza Girma Degefa(University of Groningen)Gebre Teklemariam Demoz(University of Groningen)Kebede Deribe(University of Groningen)Shirin Djalalinia(University of Groningen)Huyen Phuc(University of Groningen)David Teye Doku(University of Groningen)Thomas M Drake(University of Groningen)Manisha Dubey(University of Groningen)Eleonora Dubljanin(University of Groningen)Ziad El‐Khatib(University of Groningen)Richard Ofori‐Asenso(University of Groningen)Sharareh Eskandarieh(University of Groningen)Alireza Esteghamati(University of Groningen)Sadaf Esteghamati(University of Groningen)André Faro(University of Groningen)Farshad Farzadfar(University of Groningen)Mohammad Hosein Farzaei(University of Groningen)Seyed‐Mohammad Fereshtehnejad(University of Groningen)Eduarda Fernandes(University of Groningen)Garumma Tolu Feyissa(University of Groningen)Irina Filip(University of Groningen)Florian Fischer(University of Groningen)Takeshi Fukumoto(University of Groningen)Morasaleh Ganji(University of Groningen)Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé(University of Groningen)Abadi Kahsu Gebre(University of Groningen)Tsegaye Tewelde GebrehiwotKebede Embaye Gezae(University of Groningen)Gururaj Gopalkrishna(University of Groningen)Alessandra C. Goulart(University of Groningen)Juanita A. Haagsma(University of Groningen)Arvin Haj‐Mirzaian(University of Groningen)Arya Haj‐Mirzaian(University of Groningen)Randah R Hamadeh(University of Groningen)Samer Hamidi(University of Groningen)Josep María Haro(University of Groningen)Hadi Hassankhani(University of Groningen)Hamid Yimam Hassen(University of Groningen)Rasmus Havmoeller(University of Groningen)Caitlin Hawley(University of Groningen)Simon I Hay(University of Groningen)Mohamed Hegazy(University of Groningen)Delia Hendrie(University of Groningen)Andualem Henok(University of Groningen)Desalegn Tsegaw Hibstu(University of Groningen)Howard J. Hoffman(University of Groningen)Michael K. Hole(University of Groningen)Enayatollah Homaie RadMostafa Hosseini(University of Groningen)Sorin Hostiuc(University of Groningen)Guoqing Hu(University of Groningen)Mamusha Aman HussenOlayinka Stephen Ilesanmi(University of Groningen)Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani(University of Groningen)Mihajlo Jakovljević(University of Groningen)Sudha Jayaraman(University of Groningen)Ravi Prakash Jha(University of Groningen)Jost B. Jonas(University of Groningen)Kelly Jones(University of Groningen)Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari(University of Groningen)Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak(University of Groningen)Mikk Jürisson(University of Groningen)Ali Kabir(University of Groningen)Amaha Kahsay(University of Groningen)Molla Kahssay(University of Groningen)Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader(University of Groningen)André Karch(University of Groningen)Amir Kasaeian(University of Groningen)Getachew Mullu Kassa(University of Groningen)Tesfaye Kassa(University of Groningen)Zemenu Yohannes Kassa(University of Groningen)André Pascal Kengne(University of Groningen)Yousef Khader(University of Groningen)Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie(University of Groningen)Nauman Khalid(University of Groningen)Fakher Rahim(University of Groningen)Ejaz Ahmad Khan(University of Groningen)Muhammad Shahzeb Khan(University of Groningen)Young‐Ho Khang(University of Groningen)Habibolah Khazaie(University of Groningen)Abdullah T Khoja(University of Groningen)Jagdish Khubchandani(University of Groningen)Ali Kiadaliri(University of Groningen)Daniel Kim(University of Groningen)Young‐Eun Kim(University of Groningen)Adnan Kısa(University of Groningen)Ai Koyanagi(University of Groningen)Kristopher J KrohnBarthélémy Kuate Defo(University of Groningen)Burcu Küçük Biçer(University of Groningen)G Anil Kumar(University of Groningen)Manasi Kumar(University of Groningen)Ratilal Lalloo(University of Groningen)Faris Lami(University of Groningen)Van Charles Lansingh(University of Groningen)Dennis Odai Laryea(University of Groningen)Arman Latifi(University of Groningen)Cheru Tesema Leshargie(University of Groningen)Miriam Levi(University of Groningen)Shanshan Li(University of Groningen)Misgan Legesse Liben(University of Groningen)Paulo A. Lotufo(University of Groningen)Raimundas Lunevičius(University of Groningen)Narayan Bahadur Mahotra(University of Groningen)Marek Majdán(University of Groningen)Azeem Majeed(University of Groningen)Reza Malekzadeh(University of Groningen)Ana-Laura Manda(University of Groningen)Mohammad Alì Mansournia(University of Groningen)Benjamin B. Massenburg(University of Groningen)Kedar MateMan Mohan Mehndiratta(University of Groningen)Varshil Mehta(University of Groningen)Hagazi Gebre Meles(University of Groningen)Addisu Melese(University of Groningen)Peter Memiah(University of Groningen)Walter Mendoza(University of Groningen)Getnet Mengistu(University of Groningen)Atte Meretoja(University of Groningen)Tuomo J Meretoja(University of Groningen)Tomislav Meštrović(University of Groningen)Tomasz Miazgowski(University of Groningen)Ted R. Miller(University of Groningen)GK Mini(University of Groningen)Andreea Mirică(University of Groningen)Erkin М Мirrakhimov(University of Groningen)Babak Moazen(University of Groningen)Moosa Mohammadi(University of Groningen)Shafiu Mohammed(University of Groningen)Ali H. Mokdad(University of Groningen)Mariam Molokhia(University of Groningen)Lorenzo Monasta(University of Groningen)Stefania Mondello(University of Groningen)Mahmood Moosazadeh(University of Groningen)Ghobad Moradi(University of Groningen)Mahmoudreza Moradi(University of Groningen)Maziar Moradi‐Lakeh(University of Groningen)Mehdi Moradinazar(University of Groningen)Shane D. Morrison(University of Groningen)Marilita M. Moschos(University of Groningen)Seyyed Meysam Mousavi(University of Groningen)Srinivas Murthy(University of Groningen)Kamarul Imran Musa(University of Groningen)Ghulam Mustafa(University of Groningen)Mohsen Naghavi(University of Groningen)Gurudatta Naik(University of Groningen)Farid Najafi(University of Groningen)Vinay Nangia(University of Groningen)Bruno Ramos Nascimento(University of Groningen)Ionuţ Negoi(University of Groningen)Trang Huyen Nguyen(University of Groningen)Emma Nichols(University of Groningen)Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum(University of Groningen)Yirga Legesse Nirayo(University of Groningen)Peter S. Nyasulu(University of Groningen)Felix Akpojene Ogbo(University of Groningen)In‐Hwan Oh(University of Groningen)Anselm Okoro(University of Groningen)Andrew T Olagunju(University of Groningen)Tinuke O Olagunju(University of Groningen)Pedro R. Olivares(University of Groningen)Stanislav S Otstavnov(University of Groningen)Mayowa Owolabi(University of Groningen)P A Mahesh(University of Groningen)Smita Pakhalé(University of Groningen)Achyut Raj Pandey(University of Groningen)Konrad Pesudovs(University of Groningen)Gabriel David Pinilla-Monsalve(University of Groningen)Suzanne Polinder(University of Groningen)Hossein Poustchi(University of Groningen)Swayam Prakash(University of Groningen)Mostafa Qorbani(University of Groningen)Amir Radfar(University of Groningen)Anwar Rafay(University of Groningen)Alireza Rafiei(University of Groningen)Afarin Rahimi‐Movaghar(University of Groningen)Vafa Rahimi‐Movaghar(University of Groningen)Mahfuzar Rahman(University of Groningen)Muhammad Aziz Rahman(University of Groningen)Rajesh Kumar(University of Groningen)Fatemeh Rajati(University of Groningen)Usha Ram(University of Groningen)David Laith Rawaf(University of Groningen)Salman Rawaf(University of Groningen)Robert C. Reiner(University of Groningen)Cesar Reis(University of Groningen)André M. N. Renzaho(University of Groningen)Serge Resnikoff(University of Groningen)Satar Rezaei(University of Groningen)Shahab Rezaeian(University of Groningen)Leonardo Roever(University of Groningen)Luca Ronfani(University of Groningen)Gholamreza Roshandel(University of Groningen)Nobhojit Roy(University of Groningen)George Mugambage Ruhago(University of Groningen)Basema Saddik(University of Groningen)Hosein Safari(University of Groningen)Saeid Safiri(University of Groningen)Mohammad Ali Sahraian(University of Groningen)Payman Salamati(University of Groningen)Raphael de Freitas Saldanha(University of Groningen)Abdallah M Samy(University of Groningen)Juan Sanabria(University of Groningen)João Vasco Santos(University of Groningen)Milena M Santric-Milicevic(University of Groningen)Benn Sartorius(University of Groningen)Maheswar Satpathy(University of Groningen)Savuon Kim(University of Groningen)Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider(University of Groningen)David C. Schwebel(University of Groningen)Sadaf G Sepanlou(University of Groningen)Hosein Shabaninejad(University of Groningen)Masood Ali Shaikh(University of Groningen)Mehran Shams-Beyranvand(University of Groningen)Mehdi Sharif(University of Groningen)Mahdi Sharif-AlhoseiniSheikh Mohammed Shariful IslamJun She(University of Groningen)Aziz Sheikh(University of Groningen)Jiabin Shen(University of Groningen)Kevin N. Sheth(University of Groningen)Kenji Shibuya(University of Groningen)Mekonnen Sisay Shiferaw(University of Groningen)Mika Shigematsu(University of Groningen)Rahman Shiri(University of Groningen)Ivy Shiue(University of Groningen)Haitham Shoman(University of Groningen)Soraya Siabani(University of Groningen)Tariq Jamal Siddiqi(University of Groningen)João Pedro Silva(University of Groningen)Dayane Gabriele Alves SilveiraDhirendra Narain Sinha(University of Groningen)Mari Smith(University of Groningen)Adauto Martins Soares FilhoSoheila Sobhani(University of Groningen)Moslem Soofi(University of Groningen)Joan B. Soriano(University of Groningen)Ireneous N Soyiri(University of Groningen)Dan J. Stein(University of Groningen)Mark A. Stokes(University of Groningen)Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan(University of Groningen)Bruno Sunguya(University of Groningen)Jacob E. Sunshine(University of Groningen)Bryan L. Sykes(University of Groningen)Cassandra Szoeke(University of Groningen)Rafael Tabarés‐Seisdedos(University of Groningen)Braden Te AoArash Tehrani‐Banihashemi(University of Groningen)Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle(University of Groningen)Mohamad‐Hani Temsah(University of Groningen)Omar Temsah(University of Groningen)Roman Topór-Mądry(University of Groningen)Miguel Tortajada‐Girbés(University of Groningen)Bach Xuan Tran(University of Groningen)Khanh Bao Tran(University of Groningen)Lorainne Tudor CarKingsley Nnanna Ukwaja(University of Groningen)Irfan Ullah(University of Groningen)Muhammad Usman(University of Groningen)Olalekan A. Uthman(University of Groningen)Pascual Valdéz(University of Groningen)Tommi Vasankari(University of Groningen)Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian(University of Groningen)Francesco Saverio ViolanteFasil Wagnew(University of Groningen)Yasir Waheed(University of Groningen)Yuan‐Pang Wang(University of Groningen)Kidu Gidey(University of Groningen)Andrea Werdecker(University of Groningen)Tissa Wijeratne(University of Groningen)Andrea Sylvia Winkler(University of Groningen)Grant M. A. Wyper(University of Groningen)Yuichiro Yano(University of Groningen)Mehdi Yaseri(University of Groningen)Yasin Jemal Yasin(University of Groningen)Pengpeng Ye(University of Groningen)Ebrahim M Yimer(University of Groningen)Paul Yip(University of Groningen)Engida Yisma(University of Groningen)Naohiro Yonemoto(University of Groningen)Seok‐Jun Yoon(University of Groningen)Michael G. Yost(University of Groningen)Mustafa Z Younis(University of Groningen)Mahmoud Yousefifard(University of Groningen)Chuanhua Yu(University of Groningen)Zoubida Zaidi(University of Groningen)Sojib Bin Zaman(University of Groningen)Mohammad Zamani(University of Groningen)Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe(University of Groningen)Sanjay Zodpey(University of Groningen)Valery L. Feigin(University of Groningen)Theo Vos(University of Groningen)Christopher J L Murray

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Abstract

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Trauma and Emergency Care Studies Spinal Cord Injury Research Traumatic Brain Injury ResearchTraumatic brain injurySpinal cord injuryMedicineBurden of diseaseIncidence (geometry)Injury preventionPoison controlDiseaseDisease burdenOccupational safety and health

MeSH terms

Brain Injuries, TraumaticGlobal Burden of DiseaseAdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansInfantInfant, NewbornMaleMiddle AgedSpinal Cord Injuries

Funding

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation
Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung
Yale University
Kaiser Permanente
Jackson State University
Northwestern University
Harvard University
Nationwide Children's Hospital
Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave
Helsingin Yliopisto
Tulane University
Johns Hopkins University
Case Western Reserve University
Ball State University
University of Ottawa
Loma Linda University
Uniwersytet Jagielloński Collegium Medicum
Virginia Commonwealth University
Jazan University
Arabian Gulf University
McMaster University
University of West Florida
Wellcome Trust
Public Health Agency of Canada
Brien Holden Vision Institute
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Aksum University
Ahmadu Bello University
Trường Đại học Duy Tân
Tribhuvan University
Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology
Maragheh University of Medical Sciences
National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
York University
National Institute for Health and Care Research
University of Southampton
University of Warwick
Imperial College London
King's College London
University College London
University of Oxford
European Commission
Australian Catholic University
High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia
South African Medical Research Council
National University of Singapore
Nanyang Technological University
Public Health Agency
University of New South Wales
University of Technology Sydney
Deakin University
Curtin University of Technology
Public Health England
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
Ain Shams University
Cairo University
Seoul National University
Kyung Hee University
Korea University
Islamic Azad University
Banaras Hindu University
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Central South University
Bundesministerium für Gesundheit
Lunds Universitet
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
Fudan University
Generalitat Valenciana
Ministério da Educação e Ciência
Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
Universitat de València
Ministry of Health and Medical Education
Jordan University of Science and Technology
Karolinska Institutet
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
Tsinghua University
Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Seoul National University Hospital
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Tampereen Yliopisto
Università degli Studi di Firenze
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Universiteit Stellenbosch
Politechnika Czestochowska
Ministarstvo Prosvete, Nauke i Tehnološkog Razvoja
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Inyuvesi Yakwazulu-Natali
Haramaya University
Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
Shiraz University
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Universitetet i Oslo
Hacettepe Üniversitesi
Guilan University of Medical Sciences
Universidade de São Paulo
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Universität Bielefeld
Universitat de Barcelona
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Universidad de Chile
Università di Bologna
Ministério da Educação
National Taiwan University
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz
Universidade do Porto
Wuhan University
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
University of Cape Town
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
University of Tabriz
Tartu Ülikool
University of Gondar
Addis Ababa University
Golestan University of Medical Sciences
Pomorski Uniwersytet Medyczny W Szczecinie
Università degli Studi di Messina
University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
Hawassa University
Alborz University of Medical Sciences
Lorestan University of Medical Sciences
Kurdistan University Of Medical Sciences
Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences
Samara University
Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit
Universidade Federal de Sergipe
Lomonosov Moscow State University
Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde
Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
Western Sydney University
Rede de Química e Tecnologia
Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg
Alfaisal University
Dezful University of Medical Sciences
George Institute for Global Health
Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences
University of Health and Allied Sciences
Debre Tabor University
Uniwersytet Opolski
National Institutes of Health
University of California, Irvine
Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital
Medical Research Council
National Health and Medical Research Council
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
Instituto de Salud Carlos III
Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
European Regional Development Fund
Erasmus Universitair Medisch Centrum Rotterdam
Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University
NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre
Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney
Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
National Institute of Mental Health
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders