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Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

The Lancet · 2016 · Vol. 388(10053) · pp. 1659–1724

Mohammad H. Forouzanfar✉(University of Washington)Ashkan AfshinLily AlexanderH Ross Anderson(University of Washington)Zulfiqar A Bhutta(University of Washington)Stan BiryukovMichael BräuerRichard Burnett(Metropolitan Police Service)Kelly Cercy(University of Washington)Fiona Charlson(Boston University)Aaron J. Cohen(University of Washington)Lalit Dandona(University of Washington)Kara Estep(University of Washington)Alize J Ferrari(University of Washington)Joseph Frostad(University of Washington)Nancy Fullman(Iran University of Medical Sciences)Peter W Gething(Hong Kong Baptist University)William W Godwin(University of Washington)Max Griswold(University of Washington)Simon I HayYohannes Kinfu(Norwegian Institute of Public Health)Hmwe Hmwe Kyu(Sapienza University of Rome)Heidi J. Larson(Hacettepe University)Xiaofeng Liang(Cairo University)Stephen S Lim(University of Bahrain)Patrick Y LiuAlan D LópezRafael LozanoLaurie Marczak(University College London)George A. Mensah(Birzeit University)Ali H. MokdadMaziar Moradi‐Lakeh(University of Washington)Mohsen NaghaviBruce Neal(Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology)Marissa B ReitsmaGregory A Roth(Universidad de Extremadura)Joshua A. SalomonPatrick J SurTheo VosJoseph WagnerHaidong Wang(International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research)Yi ZhaoMaigeng ZhouGunn Marit AasvangAlicia V Aleman(Universidad de la República de Uruguay)Kalkidan Hassen Abate(Debre Markos University)Cristiana Abbafati(University of Washington)Kaja M AbbasFoad Abd-Allah(University of Oxford)Abdishakur M AbdulleSemaw Ferede AberaBiju Abraham(Karolinska Institutet)Peter J. AllenGebre Yitayih Abyu(Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin)Akindele Olupelumi AdebiyiIsaac Akinkunmi Adedeji(University of Cartagena)Zanfina Ademi(Albany State University)Arsène Kouablan AdouJosé Carmelo Adsuar(Ahmadu Bello University)Emilie Agardh(Boston University)Arnav Agarwal(École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne)Anurag AgrawalAliasghar Ahmad KiadaliriOluremi N AjalaTomi F Akinyemiju(University of the Philippines Manila)Ziyad Al-Aly(Emory University)Khurshid Alam(Dalarna University)Noore K M Alam(Boston Children's Hospital)Saleh Fahed Aldhahri(University of Manitoba)Robert William AldridgeZewdie Aderaw AlemuRaghib AliAla'a Alkerwi(University of Mannheim)François AllaPeter Allebeck(Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology)Ubai Alsharif(Public Health Agency of Canada)Khalid A AltirkawiElena Alvarez MartinNelson Alvis‐Guzmán(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)Azmeraw T. AmareAlemayehu AmberbirAdeladza Kofi AmegahHeresh AminiWalid AmmarStephen Marc AmrockHjalte H Andersen(University of Gothenburg)Benjamin O. Anderson(Pontificia Universidad Javeriana)Carl Abelardo T. AntonioPalwasha AnwariJohan ÄrnlövAl ArtamanHamid AsayeshRana J AsgharReza Assadi(University of Oxford)Suleman AtiqueEuripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho(Madda Walabu University)Ashish Awasthi(University of Southampton)Beatriz Paulina Ayala QuintanillaPeter Azzopardi(Imperial College London)Umar BachaAlaa Badawi(King's College London)Maria C Bahit(Addis Ababa University)Kalpana BalakrishnanAleksandra Barac(Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research)Ryan M BarberSuzanne L Barker-ColloTill Bärnighausen(University of Iowa)Sı́món Barquera(The University of Melbourne)Lars Barregard(The University of Sydney)Lope H. Barrero(The University of Melbourne)Sanjay BasuCarolina BatisShahrzad Bazargan-HejaziJustin Beardsley(World Bank)Neeraj BediEttore Beghi(Anglia Ruskin University)Brent Bell(Universitätsklinikum Krems)Michelle L. Bell(University of Trnava)Aminu K Bello(University of Arizona)Derrick Bennett(German Cancer Research Center)Isabela M BensenorAdugnaw Berhane(Technion – Israel Institute of Technology)Eduardo BernabéBalem Demtsu Betsu(University of Liverpool)Addisu Shunu Beyene(University of Leicester)Neeraj Bhala(Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences)Anil BhansaliSamir BhattSibhatu Biadgilign(Harvard University Press)Boris Bikbov(University of Calgary)Donal Bisanzio(University College London)Espen BjertnessJed D Blore(Harvard University Press)Rohan BorschmannSoufiane BoufousRupert R Bourne(City University of New York)Michael Brainin(Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana)Alexandra BražinováNicholas J BreitbordeHermann Brenner(University of Perugia)David M. Broday(Universidad Nacional de Colombia)Traolach BrughaBert Brunekreef(University of Ottawa)Zahid A Butt(Universidad de la República de Uruguay)Leah E Cahill(Hacettepe University)Bianca CalabriaIsmael Campos‐Nonato(National Taiwan University)Rosario Cárdenas(The University of Queensland)David O. Carpenter(National Institutes of Health)Juan Jesus Carrero(National University of Singapore)Daniel CaseyCarlos A Castañeda-OrjuelaJacqueline Castillo RivasRubén CastroFerrán Catalá-López(Harvard University Press)Jung-Chen ChangPeggy Pei-Chia ChiangMirriam Chibalabala(University of Salerno)Odgerel Chimed‐Ochir(Bielefeld University)Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa(Universidad de la República de Uruguay)Abdulaal A ChitheerJee-Young Jasmine Choi(The University of Melbourne)Hanne ChristensenDevasahayam Jesudas Christopher(King's College London)Liliana G Ciobanu(University of Washington)Matthew M Coates(Mayo Clinic)Samantha Colquhoun(Johns Hopkins University)Alejandra G Contreras ManzanoLeslie T Cooper(University of California San Diego)Kimberly CooperriderLeslie CornabyMonica Cortinovis(Walden University)John A Crump(University of Washington)Lucía Cuevas‐Nasú(Public Health Foundation of India)Albertino Damasceno(Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust)Rakhi Dandona(Public Health England)Sarah C Darby(Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy)Paul I. DarganJosé das NevesAdrian DavisKairat Davletov(Griffith University)E. CastroVanessa De La Cruz-Góngora(UNSW Sydney)Diego De Leo(University of Auckland)Louisa Degenhardt(United States Department of Veterans Affairs)Liana C Del GobboBorja del Pozo Cruz(Massey University)Robert P Dellavalle(Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai)Amare DeribewDon C Des Jarlais(University of Toronto)Samath Dhamminda DharmaratnePreet K Dhillon(University of Peradeniya)Cesar Diaz-Torné(University of Liverpool)Daniel Dicker(University of Washington)Eric L. Ding(Harvard University Press)E. Ray Dorsey(Medical University of Varna)Kerrie E Doyle(University of Rochester)Tim Driscoll(The University of Sydney)Leilei DuanManisha Dubey(National Institutes of Health)Bruce Bartholow Duncan(University of Washington)Iqbal Elyazar(University of Washington)Yousef M Elshrek(University of Tripoli)Sergey Petrovich Ermakov(Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin)Holly E ErskineBabak Eshrati(The University of Queensland)Alireza Esteghamati(Arak University of Medical Sciences)Saman FahimiEmerito Jose A FaraonTalha A FaridCarla Sofia e Sa FarinhaAndré Faro(Public Health England)Maryam S FarvidFarshad FarzadfarValery L. FeiginSeyed-Mohammad FereshtehnejadJefferson G Fernandes(Universidade Federal de São Paulo)Florian Fischer(University of Washington)Joseph R A FitchettTom Fleming(Academy of Medical Sciences)Nataliya A Foigt(University of Washington)Kyle J Foreman(Universidad de Extremadura)F Gerry R Fowkes(James Cook University)Richard C. Franklin(Monash University)Thomas Fürst(Stanford University)Neal D Futran(University of Washington)Emmanuela GakidouAlberto L Garcia-BasteiroTsegaye Tewelde GebrehiwotAmanuel Tesfay GebremedhinJohanna M. GeleijnseBradford D. GessnerAbabi Zergaw GirefMaurice GiroudMelkamu Dedefo GishuGiorgia Giussani(Howard University)Shifalika GoenkaMari Carmen Gomez-Cabrera(Université de Bourgogne)Hector Gomez-DantesPhilimon Gona(Public Health Foundation of India)Amador GoodridgeSameer Vali GopalaniCarolyn Gotay(University of Massachusetts Boston)Atsushi GotoHebe N GoudaH. C. Gugnani(University of British Columbia)Francis GuilleminYuming Guo(The University of Queensland)Rahul Gupta(University of Virginia)Rajeev GuptaReyna Alma GutiérrezJuanita A Haagsma(University of Bristol)Nima Hafezi‐NejadDemewoz HaileGessessew Bugssa HailuYara A. HalasaRandah R Hamadeh(New York University)Samer HamidiAlexis J Handal(Brandeis University)Graeme J. Hankey(Arabian Gulf University)Yuantao HaoHilda L Harb(The University of Western Australia)Sivadasanpillai HarikrishnanJosep Maria HaroMohammad Sadegh HassanvandTahir Ahmed Hassen(Universitat de Barcelona)Rasmus Havmoeller(Karolinska Institutet)Ileana Heredia-Pi(University of Oxford)Norberto Francisco Hernández-LlanesPouria HeydarpourHans W. Hoek(Chartered Institute of Management Accountants)Howard J. Hoffman(University of Washington)Masako Horino(University of Tehran)Nobuyuki HoritaHung Chak Ho(Columbia University)Damian G Hoy(National Institutes of Health)Mohamed HsaïriAung Soe Htet(Albert Einstein College of Medicine)Guoqing Hu(Pacific Community)John J. HuangAbdullatif HusseiniSally J Hutchings(Tianjin University)Inge Huybrechts(George Washington University)Kim M Iburg(Yale University)Bulat Idrisov(Environmental Protection Agency)Bogdan Vasile IleanuManami Inoue(Qatar University)Troy A Jacobs(University of Washington)Kathryn H. Jacobsen(Aarhus University)Nader Jahanmehr(Brandeis University)Mihajlo B JakovljevicHenrica A. F. M. Jansen(National Institutes of Health)Simerjot K Jassal(The University of Tokyo)Mehdi Javanbakht(American Cancer Society)Sudha JayaramanAchala Upendra Jayatilleke(George Mason University)Sun Ha Jee(Ghent University Hospital)Panniyammakal Jeemon(Washington State University)Vivekanand Jha(University of California San Diego)Ying JiangTariku Jibat(Virginia Commonwealth University)Ye JinPaul N. Jensen(École Normale Supérieure de Lyon)Jost B. Jonas(Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research)Zubair KabirYogeshwar KalkondeRitul KamalHaidong Kan(UCLouvain)André Karch(University of Southern Denmark)Corine Karema(Fudan University)Chante KarimkhaniAmir KasaeianAnil KaulNorito KawakamiDhruv S Kazi(All India Institute of Medical Sciences)Peter Njenga KeiyoroLaura KemmerAndrew H. Kemp(University of California, San Francisco)André Pascal KengneAndre Keren(University of Cape Town)Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran(Hebrew University of Jerusalem)Yousef Khader(Jordan University of Science and Technology)Abdur Rahman KhanEjaz Ahmad KhanGulfaraz Khan(Seoul National University)Young‐Ho Khang(Harvard University Press)Shahab Khatibzadeh(National Center for Disease Control and Public Health)Sahil Khera(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul)Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer Khoja(Northeastern University)Jagdish Khubchandani(Chungnam National University)Christian KielingCho-il Kim(Simmons University)Daniel Kim(University of Canberra)Ruth W Kimokoti(Norwegian Institute of Public Health)Niranjan Kissoon(University of Cincinnati)Miia Kivipelto(Karolinska Institutet)Luke D. KnibbsYoshihiro Kokubo(Lawrence University)Jacek A KopecParvaiz A Koul(Ministry of Health)Ai KoyanagiMichael Kravchenko(Bielefeld University)Hans Kromhout(Russian Academy of Sciences)Hans Krueger(Oregon Health & Science University)Tiffany Ku(Utrecht University)Barthélémy Kuate Defo(University of Washington)Ricardo S Kuchenbecker(Université de Montréal)Burcu Küçük Biçer(Hacettepe University)Ernst J. Kuipers(Erasmus University Rotterdam)G Anil KumarGene F. KwanDharmesh Kumar LalRatilal Lalloo(Boston University)Tea LallukkaQing Lan(The University of Melbourne)Anders LarssonAsma Abdul Latif(University of Helsinki)Alicia E. B. Lawrynowicz(Google (United States))Janet L Leasher(National Institutes of Health)James LeighJanni Leung(University of Washington)Miriam LeviXiaohong Li(Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology)Li YJuan LiangShiwei Liu(Nova Southeastern University)Belinda Lloyd(Korea University)Giancarlo Logroscino(The University of Sydney)Paulo A. Lotufo(University at Albany, State University of New York)Raimundas Lunevičius(Novartis Foundation)Michael F MacIntyre(Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention)Mahdi MahdaviMarek Majdán(Sichuan University)Azeem Majeed(Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention)Reza Malekzadeh(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)Deborah Carvalho Malta(Heart and Stroke Foundation)Wondimu Ayele Ayele Manamo(Wayne State University)Chabila C MapomaWagner MarcenesRandall V Martin(Box Hill Hospital)Jose Martinez-Raga(University of Bari Aldo Moro)Felix Masiye(United States Department of Health and Human Services)Kunihiro MatsushitaRichard Matzopoulos(American Cancer Society)Bongani M Mayosi(Universidade de São Paulo)John J McGrathMartin McKeePeter A. MeaneyCatalina Medina(National University of Singapore)Alem MehariFabiola Mejía‐Rodríguez(University of Washington)Alemayehu B MekonnenYohannes Adama MelakuZiad A. MemishWalter Mendoza(Shiraz University of Medical Sciences)Gert B M MensinkAtte Meretoja(University of Zambia)Tuomo J Meretoja(Baylor University)Yonatan Moges Mesfin(Queen Mary University of London)Francis Mhimbira(Université Paris Cité)Anoushka Millear(University of Washington)Ted R. MillerEdward J Mills(École Normale Supérieure - PSL)Mojde Mirarefin(University of the East)Awoke Misganaw(Ministry of Public Health)Charles N Mock(University of Zambia)Alireza Mohammadi(University of York)Shafiu Mohammed(Johns Hopkins University)Glen MolaLorenzo Monasta(University of Cape Town)Julio C Montañez HernandezMarcella MonticoLídia MorawskaRintaro Mori(University of Washington)Dariush Mozaffarian(University of Pennsylvania)Ulrich MüellerErin C MullanyJohn Everett MumfordGudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana Murthy(Addis Ababa University)Jean B Nachega(Mekelle University)Aliya Naheed(Thomas Jefferson University)Vinay NangiaNariman Nassiri(United Nations)John N NewtonMarie Ng(University of Helsinki)Quyen Le Nguyen(Ifakara Health Institute)Muhammad Imran NisarPatrick Martial Nkamedjie Pete(Curtin University)Ole Frithjof NorheimRosana Norman(University of Washington)Bo NorrvingLuke Nyakarahuka(National University of Malaysia)Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer(University of Virginia)Felix Akpojene Ogbo(University of Washington)In‐Hwan Oh(University of Papua New Guinea)Olanrewaju OladimejiPedro R OlivaresHelen OlsenBolajoko O. Olusanya(Jet Propulsion Laboratory)Jacob Olusegun Olusanya(Queensland University of Technology)John Nelson OpioEyal Oren(University of Crete)Ricardo Orozco(Egerton University)Alberto OrtizErika OtaMahesh PAAdrian Pana(University of Washington)Eun‐Kee ParkCharles Parry(University of Washington)Mahboubeh Parsaeian(American University of Beirut)Tejas Patel(International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research)Ángel Paternina‐CaicedoSnehal T PatilScott B. PattenGeorge C PattonNeil Pearce(Emory University)David M. Pereira(Columbia University)Norberto PericoKonrad PesudovsMax Petzold(University of Oslo)Michael Phillips(Seoul National University)Frédéric B Piel(Ministry of Health and Social Welfare)Julian David PillayDietrich PlaßSuzanne PolinderConstance D Pond(Universitat Pompeu Fabra)C Arden Pope(Aga Khan University)Daniel PopeSvetlana Popova(Universitat de Barcelona)Richie G Poulton(Deakin University)Farshad Pourmalek(University of Bergen)Noela M Prasad(Queensland University of Technology)Mostafa Qorbani(Lund University)Rynaz H S Rabiee(Makerere University)Amir Radfar(Kyung Hee University)Anwar Rafay(Teikyo University Hospital)Vafa Rahimi‐MovagharMahfuzar Rahman(Emory University)Mohammad Hifz Ur RahmanSajjad Ur RahmanRajesh Kumar RaiSasa Rajsic(University of Washington)Murugesan Raju(Christian Medical College, Vellore)Usha Ram(University of the Philippines Manila)Saleem M Rana(Case Western Reserve University)Kavitha Ranganathan(Kosin University)Puja Rao(University of Pittsburgh)Christian Aspacia Razo García(University of Cartagena)Amany Refaat(University of Calgary)Colin D Rehm(All India Institute of Medical Sciences)Colin D. Rehm(World Health Organization - Pakistan)Nikolas Reinig(University of London)Giuseppe RemuzziSerge ResnikoffAntonio Luiz P RibeiroJuan A Rivera(Ministry of Health)Hirbo Shore Roba(Universidade do Porto)Alina RodriguezSonia Rodriguez-RamirezDavid Rojas‐RuedaYesenia Roman(Washington State Department of Health)Luca RonfaniGholamreza Roshandel(Flinders University)Dietrich Rothenbacher(Aalborg University)Ambuj RoyMuhammad Muhammad Saleh(James Hutton Institute)Juan Sanabria(Ministry of Health)Lídia Sànchez-Riera(Environment Agency)Maria Dolores Sanchez-NiñoTania G Sánchez-Pimienta(Universidade de São Paulo)Logan Sandar(Erasmus University Rotterdam)Damian F Santomauro(University of Newcastle Australia)Itamar S SantosRodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez(University of Liverpool)Benn Sartorius(University of Toronto)Maheswar SatpathyMiloje SavicMonika SawhneyJosef SchmidhuberMaria Inês Schmidt(University of Illinois Chicago)Ione Jayce Ceola SchneiderBen Schöttker(University of Washington)Aletta E SchutteDavid C. SchwebelJames G. ScottSoraya Seedat(Tehran University of Medical Sciences)Sadaf G SepanlouEdson Serván‐Mori(University of Missouri)Gavin ShaddickAmira ShaheenSaeid Shahraz(Brown University)Masood Ali ShaikhTeresa Shamah LevyRajesh Sharma(Suez Canal University)Jun She(University of Toronto)Sara SheikhbahaeiJiabin Shen(Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp))Kevin N ShethPeilin Shi(University of Washington)Kenji Shibuya(George Washington University)Mika Shigematsu(University of Washington)Min-Jeong ShinRahman Shiri(University of Lincoln)Kawkab ShishaniIvy Shiue(Centre international de recherche sur le cancer)Mark G ShrimeInga D Sigfusdottir(Box Hill Hospital)Diego Augusto Santos SilvaDayane Gabriele Alves Silveira(Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences)Jonathan I Silverberg(Imperial College London)Edgar P SimardShireen Sindi(Politecnico di Milano)Abhishek Singh(NortonLifeLock (United States))Jasvinder A. SinghPrashant Kumar SinghErica Leigh Slepak(Harvard University Press)Michael SoljakSamir Soneji(National Institutes of Health)Reed J D Sorensen(Case Western Reserve University)Luciano A. Sposato(Universidad de Oviedo)Chandrashekhar T SreeramareddyVasiliki Stathopoulou(University of Zurich)Nadine Steckling(University of Washington)Nicholas Steel(Microsoft (United States))Dan J. Stein(University of Maryland, College Park)Murray B Stein(All India Institute of Medical Sciences)Heidi Stöckl(Dartmouth College)Saverio Stranges(Marshall University)Konstantinos Stroumpoulis(Novartis Foundation)Bruno Sunguya(University of Oxford)Soumya Swaminathan(Technion – Israel Institute of Technology)Bryan L. SykesCassandra E I SzoekeRafael Tabarés-Seisdedos(University of Alabama at Birmingham)Ken TakahashiRoberto Tchio Talongwa(Stellenbosch University)Nikhil TandonDavid Tanné(University of Colorado Denver)Mohammad TavakkoliBelaynew Wasie Taye(University of Bath)Hugh R Taylor(Tufts University)Bemnet Amare TedlaWorku Mekonnen Tefera(University of Pittsburgh)Teketo Kassaw Tegegne(Fudan University)Dejen Yemane TekleAbdullah Sulieman Terkawi(The University of Tokyo)J S Thakur(Health Canada)Bernadette A ThomasMatthew Lloyd ThomasAlan J Thomson(Washington State University Spokane)Andrew Thorne‐Lyman(University of Edinburgh)Amanda G. Thrift(Reykjavík University)George D. Thurston(University of Pennsylvania)Taavi Tillmann(Emory University)Ruoyan Tobe-Gai(Karolinska Institutet)Myriam TobollikRoman Topor-Madry(Tufts University)Fotis Topouzis(University of Alabama at Birmingham)Jeffrey A Towbin(Norwegian Institute of Public Health)Bach Xuan TranZacharie Tsala Dimbuene(Imperial College London)Nikolaos Tsilimparis(Dartmouth College)Abera Kenay TuraE. Murat TuzcuStefanos Tyrovolas(Western University)Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja(Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman)Eduardo A Undurraga(Griffith University)Chigozie Jesse Uneke(National and Kapodistrian University of Athens)Olalekan A Uthman(Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München)Aaron van DonkelaarJim van OsYuri Y Varakin(University of Washington)Tommi VasankariJ Lennert Veerman(Centre international de recherche sur le cancer)Narayanaswamy VenketasubramanianFrancesco Saverio Violante(National Center for Disease Control and Public Health)Dan J. Stein(Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences)Gregory R. WagnerStephen G. Waller(Northwestern University)Jian Li Wang(University of California, Irvine)Linhong Wang(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)Yanping Wang(University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan)Scott WeichenthalElisabete WeiderpassRobert G WeintraubAndrea Werdecker(GlaxoSmithKline (United Kingdom))Ronny Westerman(Westchester Medical Center)Harvey Whiteford(Auckland University of Technology)Tissa Wijeratne(Universidade Federal de Pernambuco)Charles Shey WiysongeCharles WolfeSungho WonAnthony D. WoolfMamo WubshetDenis XavierGelin Xu(Monash University)Ajit Kumar Yadav(New York University)Bereket Yakob(University of London)Ayalnesh Zemene Yalew(Bielefeld University)Yuichiro YanoMehdi Yaseri(Aristotle University of Thessaloniki)Pengpeng Ye(University of Tennessee Health Science Center)Paul YipNaohiro YonemotoSeok‐Jun YoonMustafa Z Younis(Stanford University)Chuanhua YuZoubida ZaidiMaysaa El Sayed Zaki(University of Kinshasa)Jun ZhuBen Zipkin(Cleveland Clinic)Sanjay Zodpey(United States Department of Veterans Affairs)Liesl Joanna ZuhlkeChris Murray(Ministry of Health)

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Abstract

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology Nutritional Studies and Diet Health Promotion and Cardiovascular PreventionEnvironmental healthRisk assessmentMedicineBurden of diseaseRisk analysis (engineering)EconomicsPopulation

MeSH terms

Africa, NorthernAlcohol DrinkingBlood GlucoseCholesterolEnvironmental ExposurePersons with DisabilitiesDisabled PersonsHumansHypertensionLife ExpectancyMiddle EastRisk FactorsRisk-TakingSmokingSodium, Dietary

Funding

National Science Foundation
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
United States Agency for International Development
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
AstraZeneca
Massachusetts General Hospital
Yale University
George Mason University
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Simmons College
United Nations Population Fund
Wayne State University
University of Pennsylvania
Oklahoma State University
University of Michigan
School of Medicine, Wayne State University
Aarhus Universitet
American University of Beirut
National Center for Child Health and Development
Helsingin Yliopisto
Brandeis University
Johns Hopkins University
University of Pittsburgh
University of Louisville
University of Rochester
Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
Ball State University
University of Ottawa
Virginia Commonwealth University
Arabian Gulf University
Nova Southeastern University
International Society of Nephrology
Wellcome Trust
University of Massachusetts Boston
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Birzeit University
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
Ahmadu Bello University
Trường Đại học Duy Tân
South Dakota Governor's Office of Economic Development
Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology
Lahore College for Women University
Cancer Research UK
National Institute for Health and Care Research
King's College London
University of Aberdeen
La Trobe University
Swansea University
National Research Foundation
Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
Public Health Foundation of India
Universität Heidelberg
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Monash University
RMIT University
James Cook University
Queensland University of Technology
Curtin University of Technology
Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam
AXA Research Fund
Public Health England
Academy of Finland
Sun Yat-sen University
Seoul National University
Yonsei University
Kyung Hee University
Central South University
Universitat de València
Korea Health Industry Development Institute
Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre
Ministry of Health and Medical Education
Jordan University of Science and Technology
Universiteit Gent
Universiteit Stellenbosch
Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
Inyuvesi Yakwazulu-Natali
University of Tokyo
Haramaya University
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Sichuan University
Universitetet i Bergen
Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen
Hacettepe Üniversitesi
Foundation for Education and European Culture
University of Ghana
Universität Bielefeld
Universitat de Barcelona
Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
United Arab Emirates University
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental
University of Cape Town
Arak University of Medical Sciences
National Research University Higher School of Economics
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
University of Gondar
Addis Ababa University
The Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
Regione Toscana
Fakultet Medicinskih Nauka, Univerziteta U Kragujevcu
INCLIVA Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria
Universidade Federal de Sergipe
Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
Western Sydney University
Alfaisal University
Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales
Robert Koch Institut
Gillings School of Public Health
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
University of California, San Diego
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Medical Center, University of Rochester
School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
Medical Research Council
National Health and Medical Research Council
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
Russian Academy of Sciences
Instituto de Salud Carlos III
Wageningen University and Research
European Regional Development Fund
Sistema Nacional de Investigadores
National Cancer Institute
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities
Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University