Feeding ecology of campus birds: Comparative assessment of natural and anthropogenic food resources at Isabella Thoburn College, Lucknow

Abstract

Urban environments influence the feeding behaviour and adaptability of birds by providing both natural and human-derived food resources. This study examines the feeding ecology of birds on the campus of Isabella Thoburn College through observations conducted across five campus zones from October 2025 to February 2026 using focal area sampling. A total of 30 feeding events representing 16 bird species were recorded. The results showed equal dependence on natural and anthropogenic food sources, with 15 events (50%) involving natural foods such as fruits, seeds, nectar, and insects, and 15 events (50%) involving human-provided foods including bread, rice, and snack waste. Spatial variation was evident, with the canteen area showing the highest anthropogenic food use (7 of 8 observations), while the chapel area relied entirely on natural food resources (100%). Urban-adapted species such as Common Myna and House Sparrow (4 observations each) were most frequently recorded. The study highlights the adaptive feeding strategies of urban birds and underscores the importance of maintaining green spaces and effective waste management for sustaining avian biodiversity in campus ecosystems.