Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Profile of Kharnoob (Ceratonia siliqua Linn): An Ethnopharmacological Review

Abstract

Background: Kharnoob (Ceratonia siliqua Linn), known as the carob tree, belongs to the Fabaceae family and is native to the Eastern Mediterranean. It has been traditionally used in Unani medicine for various therapeutic purposes due to its rich phytochemical profile. Methods: A comprehensive review was conducted using classical Unani literature and modern scientific studies. Data on botanical description, vernacular names, part used, temperament, therapeutic dose, adverse effects, substitutes, phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and ethnobotanical uses were compiled and analyzed. Results: The plant is an evergreen tree growing up to 10 meters with leathery pods containing multiple seeds. Traditionally, it has been used as Muqawwi Meda (stomachic), Mudirr-e-Baul (diuretic), Qabiz (astringent), Mohallil-e-Waram (resolvent), and Habis (styptic). Phytochemical analysis revealed high phenolic content, predominantly coumaric acid, gallic acid, syringic acid, and galactomannan. Pharmacological studies demonstrated antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiulcer, antihyperglycemic, anti-obesity, hepatoprotective, and antihypertensive activities. Ripe pods were found to accelerate gastrointestinal transit due to high fibre and sugar content, while immature pods reduced transit due to tannins. Carob extracts showed antibacterial activity against Enterococcus spp. and other bacteria. Immature pods inhibited intestinal glucose absorption, contributing to antihyperglycemic effects. Carob polyphenols reduced adipocyte hypertrophy and improved lipid profiles, supporting anti-obesity effects. Antioxidant-rich carob extracts exhibited hepatoprotective activity by lowering hepatic triglycerides and oxidative stress. Conclusion: Kharnoob possesses significant pharmacological properties, aligning with its traditional uses in Unani medicine. Its diverse bioactivities are attributed to its rich phytoconstituents, supporting its potential application in modern therapeutics. However, further well-designed clinical studies are needed to establish its safety and efficacy for incorporation into contemporary drug formulations.