Nasal spray delivery systems: Advancement, clinical applications, and economical perspectives

Abstract

Nasal spray formulations have emerged as a promising non-invasive drug delivery system, providing rapid onset of action, avoidance of first-pass hepatic metabolism, and improved patient compliance compared to conventional routes of administration. This review comprehensively examines the technological advancements, clinical efficacy of dual drug combinations, patent landscape, and economical considerations of nasal spray systems. Recent innovations include nanomedicine based carriers, mucoadhesive polymers, and temperature sensitive formulations that enhance bioavailability and patient acceptance. Clinical studies demonstrate the efficacy of combination therapies for migraine management, opioid withdrawal, and allergic rhinitis. The patent analysis reveals significant intellectual property activity in spray mechanism design, formulation stabilization, and combination therapies. Economical analysis indicates that while nasal sprays present higher development costs, they offer substantial cost-benefit advantages through reduced hospitalization rates and improved therapeutic outcomes. This review synthesizes current evidence and positions nasal spray technology as a critical component of modern pharmaceutical delivery systems with substantial commercial and therapeutic potential.