Post-harvest processing of millets: Challenges, technological advances, and nutritional outcomes - a comprehensive review

Abstract

Millets are nutrient-dense, climate-adaptable grains that hold significant promise for sustainable food systems and nutrition security. However, their adoption is hindered by persistent limitations in post-harvest processing, which influence yield, efficiency, and food quality. This review synthesizes developments ranging from traditional hand-operated methods to technologically advanced processing systems tailored specifically for millets. Innovations such as customized dehullers, cleaner-cum-pearlers, compact milling modules, and modern value-addition processes like extrusion and puffing are systematically discussed. Particular emphasis is given to how processing affects millet nutrient profiles. The review highlights the urgent need for affordable, millet-specific, and scalable technologies that empower farmers, small processors, and industries while improving product quality and market potential.