The King of Spices Revisited: Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Piper nigrum (Filfil Siyah)

Abstract

Background: Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), known as the "King of Spices" is a globally significant spice with origins in southern India.Beyond its culinary uses, it has been traditionally employed in Unani Medicine, Ayurveda, and Modern medicine for its therapeutic properties.Objective: This review aims to consolidate current knowledge on the taxonomy, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and therapeutic applications of black pepper, emphasizing its bioactive compound, piperine.Methods: A comprehensive analysis of existing literature was conducted, including traditional texts, pharmacological studies, and clinical research, to evaluate the medicinal potential of black pepper.Results: Black pepper exhibits diverse pharmacological effects, including antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory properties.Piperine enhances nutrient absorption, supports digestion, and demonstrates anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective potential.Additionally, it aids in managing obesity, hypertension, and microbial infections.However, caution is advised in renal disorders and for individuals with a hot temperament.Conclusion: Black pepper is a valuable natural remedy with extensive health benefits, validated by both traditional and modern research.Further clinical studies are needed to optimize its therapeutic applications and establish evidence-based guidelines.