Climate change and its impacts on insects: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Climate change is among the most significant global challenges of the 21st century, with profound consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Insects, which constitute the largest group of terrestrial animals, are particularly sensitive to environmental variability because of their ectothermic physiology, short life cycles, and intricate ecological interactions. Rising temperatures, elevated atmospheric CO₂ levels, altered precipitation regimes, and increased frequency of extreme climatic events are reshaping insect biology, distribution, and interactions with other organisms. These changes have cascading impacts on agriculture, forestry, pollination services, disease transmission, and biodiversity conservation. This review synthesizes current knowledge on how climate change influences insect physiology, population dynamics, species interactions, and ecosystem services, with emphasis on region-specific case studies and emerging invasive pests. It further explores adaptive management strategies that can mitigate risks and enhance resilience in agricultural and natural systems. By integrating evidence from classic studies and recent literature (1970-2025), the article highlights critical knowledge gaps and offers directions for future research and policy.