Comparative analysis of nutrient composition and phytochemicals in seeds of Cucurbitaceae family with extraction of pumpkin seed oil

Abstract

The Cucurbitaceae family includes several economically and nutritionally significant crops, yet the seeds of many species, such as Cucurbita maxima (pumpkin) and Citrullus lanatus (watermelon), remain underutilized despite their rich bioactive and nutritional potential. This study presents a comparative analysis of the proximate nutrient composition and phytochemical constituents of pumpkin and watermelon seeds, with additional evaluation of pumpkin seed oil extraction using the Soxhlet method. Seeds were collected from local markets in Gurugram, India, processed, and analyzed using standard AOAC protocols. Watermelon seeds were found to contain higher levels of protein (30%) and fat (51.5%), while pumpkin seeds exhibited superior ash content (7%), indicating higher mineral density. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, and saponins in both seeds, with pumpkin seeds showing greater diversity and intensity. Soxhlet extraction yielded 46% oil from pumpkin seeds, which was rich in unsaturated fatty acids, sterols, and antioxidants, making it suitable for dietary, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications. This study not only highlights the nutritional and medicinal significance of these often-discarded seeds but also supports their use in sustainable food systems and functional product development. The findings contribute new insights into the biochemical value of Cucurbitaceae seeds and promote their role in enhancing nutritional security, reducing food waste, and encouraging plant-based alternatives in oil and health.