A comprehensive review on Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels: Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential

Abstract

Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels, commonly known as Inkberry or Jal Jamni, is a fast-growing, perennial climber belonging to the family Menispermaceae. Widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa, this plant holds significant ethnomedicinal importance in traditional systems such as Ayurveda and folk medicine. Various parts of the plant-including leaves, stems, and roots-are used for treating fever, skin infections, diabetes, liver disorders, inflammation, and reproductive ailments. Botanically, the plant is characterized by hairy stems and ovate-cordate leaves with dense trichomes. Its diagnostic features, such as unisexual flowers and curved reniform seeds, assist in its correct identification. Phytochemical investigations have revealed the presence of diverse bioactive compounds These metabolites exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities. This review comprehensively covers the plant’s taxonomy, morphology, traditional uses, phytochemical profile, and pharmacological properties, supported by recent scientific findings.