DNA barcoding: A practical tool for taxonomic research

Abstract

Species identification is fundamental for biodiversity recognition. Traditional morphometric taxonomic studies have described species for years but they have significant limitations. DNA barcoding uses short-standardized sequence from the suitable region of the genome to distinguish individuals at species level. A 648 bp of 5’ cytochrome c oxidase gene (COI) of mitochondria is recognized as a universal standardised species level barcode for animals. Freely available and well-curated DNA barcode reference libraries are necessary for DNA barcoding. The goal of the Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL) is to establish DNA barcoding as a global standard in taxonomy. BIOSCAN is an international project that involves 1000 researchers from 30 countries to accelerate species discovery and interactions. The DNA barcoding workflow consists of three main components-specimen collection and management, molecular analysis and bioinformatics. Role of DNA barcoding in wide range of purposes include species identification, identifying disease vectors, identifying invasive species, protecting endangered species, identifying animal parts in traditional medicine and food authenticity testing. Future prospects for DNA barcoding look bright thanks to advancements in bioinformatics and next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. Although an effective complement to conventional methods, DNA barcoding is not error-free. Nonetheless, given the immense potential shown by DNA barcoding in species identification it may become a standard tool.