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First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Center of the Milky Way

The Astrophysical Journal Letters · 2022 · Vol. 930(2) · pp. L12–L12

Kazunori Akiyama✉(Woodwell Climate Research Center)A. Alberdi(Woodwell Climate Research Center)W. Alef(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy)Juan Carlos Algaba(University of Malaya)Richard Anantua(Woodwell Climate Research Center)Keiichi Asada(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Rebecca Azulay(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)U. Bach(Universitat de València)Anne-Kathrin Baczko(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy)David Ball(University of Arizona)Mislav Baloković(University of Arizona)John Barrett(Yale University)Michi Bauböck(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)B. A. Benson(Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory)Dan Bintley(Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory)Lindy Blackburn(Woodwell Climate Research Center)R. Blundell(Woodwell Climate Research Center)Katherine L. Bouman(California Institute of Technology)Geoffrey C. Bower(University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa)Hope Boyce(University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa)Michael Bremer(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique)Christiaan D. Brinkerink(Radboud University Nijmegen)Roger Brissenden(Woodwell Climate Research Center)S. Britzen(Woodwell Climate Research Center)Avery E. Broderick(University of Waterloo)Dominique Broguière(University of Waterloo)Thomas Bronzwaer(Radboud University Nijmegen)Sandra Bustamante(Radboud University Nijmegen)Do‐Young Byun(University of Massachusetts Amherst)J. E. Carlstrom(Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory)Chiara Ceccobello(Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory)Andrew Chael(Albert Einstein College of Medicine)Chi‐kwan Chan(Albert Einstein College of Medicine)Koushik Chatterjee(Woodwell Climate Research Center)Shami Chatterjee(Woodwell Climate Research Center)Ming‐Tang Chen(Cornell University)Xiaopeng ChengXiaopeng Cheng(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute)Ilje Cho(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute)Pierre Christian(Fairfield University)Nicholas S. Conroy(Fairfield University)J. E. Conway(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)J. M. Cordes(Cornell University)T. M. Crawford(Cornell University)G. Crew(University of Chicago)Alejandro Cruz-Osorio(Goethe University Frankfurt)Yuzhu Cui(Goethe University Frankfurt)Jordy Davelaar(Radboud University Nijmegen)Mariafelicia De Laurentis(Goethe University Frankfurt)Roger Deane(Goethe University Frankfurt)Jessica Dempsey(University of the Witwatersrand)G. Desvignes(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)Jason Dexter(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)Vedant Dhruv(Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics)Sheperd S. Doeleman(Woodwell Climate Research Center)Sean Dougal(Woodwell Climate Research Center)Sergio A. Dzib(University of Arizona)Ralph P. Eatough(Chinese Academy of Sciences)Razieh Emami(Chinese Academy of Sciences)H. Falcke(Radboud University Nijmegen)Joseph Farah(Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network)Vincent L. Fish(Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network)Ed Fomalont(National Radio Astronomy Observatory)H. Alyson Ford(University of Arizona)Raquel Fraga-Encinas(University of Arizona)William T. Freeman(Google (United States))Per Friberg(Google (United States))Christian M. Fromm(Goethe University Frankfurt)Antonio Fuentes(Goethe University Frankfurt)Peter Galison(Woodwell Climate Research Center)Charles F. Gammie(Woodwell Climate Research Center)Roberto García(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)Olivier Gentaz(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique)Boris Georgiev(University of Waterloo)C. Goddi(University of Waterloo)Roman Gold(Goethe University Frankfurt)Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz(Goethe University Frankfurt)José L. Gómez(National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics)Minfeng Gu(Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía)Mark Gurwell(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian)Kazuhiro Hada(The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI)Daryl Haggard(The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI)Kari Haworth(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian)M. H. Hecht(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian)Ronald Hesper(University of Groningen)Dirk Heumann(University of Arizona)Luis C. Ho(University of Arizona)Paul T. P. Ho(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Mareki Honma(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Chih-Wei L. Huang(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Lei Huang(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)D. H. Hughes(National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics)Shiro Ikeda(Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe)C. M. Violette Impellizzeri(Leiden University)Makoto Inoue(Leiden University)Sara Issaoun(Albert Einstein College of Medicine)D. J. James(Albert Einstein College of Medicine)Buell T. Jannuzi(University of Arizona)Michaël Janssen(University of Arizona)Britton Jeter(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Wu Jiang(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Alejandra Jiménez-Rosales(Radboud University Nijmegen)Michael D. Johnson(Woodwell Climate Research Center)Svetlana G. Jorstad(Boston University)Abhishek V. Joshi(Boston University)Taehyun Jung(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)Mansour Karami(University of Waterloo)R. Karuppusamy(University of Waterloo)Tomohisa Kawashima(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy)Garrett K. Keating(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian)Mark Kettenis(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian)Dong-Jin Kim(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy)Jae-Young Kim(California Institute of Technology)Jongsoo Kim(California Institute of Technology)Junhan Kim(California Institute of Technology)Motoki Kino(Kogakuin University)Jun Yi Koay(Kogakuin University)Prashant Kocherlakota(Goethe University Frankfurt)Yutaro Kofuji(Goethe University Frankfurt)Patrick M. Koch(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Shoko Koyama(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)C. Krämer(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)M. Krämer(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique)T. P. Krichbaum(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy)Cheng‐Yu Kuo(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Noemi La Bella(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Tod R. Lauer(Radboud University Nijmegen)Daeyoung Lee(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)Sang-Sung Lee(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)Po Kin Leung(Chinese University of Hong Kong)Aviad Levis(California Institute of Technology)Zhiyuan 志远 Li 李(California Institute of Technology)Rocco Lico(Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna)Greg Lindahl(Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna)M. Lindqvist(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian)Mikhail Lisakov(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy)Jun 俊 Liu 刘(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy)Kuo Liu(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Elisabetta Liuzzo(Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna)Wen-Ping Lo(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)A. P. Lobanov(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Laurent Loinard(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy)C. J. Lonsdale(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)Ru-Sen Lu(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)Jirong 基荣 Mao 毛N. Marchili(Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna)Sera Markoff(Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna)Daniel P. Marrone(University of Arizona)Alan P. Marscher(Boston University)Iván Martí-Vidal(Boston University)Satoki Matsushita(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Lynn D. Matthews(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Lia Medeiros(University of Arizona)K. M. Menten(University of Arizona)Daniel Michalik(University of Chicago)Izumi Mizuno(University of Chicago)Yosuke Mizuno(Goethe University Frankfurt)J. M. Moran(Goethe University Frankfurt)Kotaro Moriyama(Goethe University Frankfurt)Monika Mościbrodzka(Goethe University Frankfurt)Cornelia Müller(Radboud University Nijmegen)Alejandro Mus(Radboud University Nijmegen)Gibwa Musoke(Radboud University Nijmegen)I. Myserlis(Radboud University Nijmegen)Andrew Nadolski(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)Hiroshi Nagai(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)Neil M. Nagar(University of Concepción)Masanori Nakamura(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Ramesh Narayan(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Gopal Narayanan(Woodwell Climate Research Center)Iniyan Natarajan(University of the Witwatersrand)Antonios Nathanail(Goethe University Frankfurt)Santiago Navarro Fuentes(Goethe University Frankfurt)Joey Neilsen(Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica)R. Neri(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique)Chunchong Ni(University of Waterloo)A. Noutsos(University of Waterloo)Michael A. Nowak(Washington University in St. Louis)Junghwan Oh(Washington University in St. Louis)Hiroki Okino(Sejong University)Héctor Olivares(Radboud University Nijmegen)Gisela N. Ortiz-León(Radboud University Nijmegen)Tomoaki Oyama(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy)Feryal Özel(University of Arizona)Daniel C. M. Palumbo(Woodwell Climate Research Center)Georgios Filippos Paraschos(Woodwell Climate Research Center)Jongho Park(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Harriet Parsons(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Nimesh Patel(East Asian Observatory)Ue‐Li Pen(Canadian Institute for Advanced Research)Dominic W. Pesce(Canadian Institute for Advanced Research)Vincent Piétu(Woodwell Climate Research Center)R. L. Plambeck(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique)Aleksandar PopStefanija(University of Massachusetts Amherst)Oliver Porth(Goethe University Frankfurt)Felix M. Pötzl(Goethe University Frankfurt)Ben Prather(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)Jorge A. Preciado-López(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)Dimitrios Psaltis(University of Arizona)Hung-Yi Pu(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Venkatessh Ramakrishnan(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Ramprasad Rao(University of Turku)Mark G. Rawlings(Gemini North Observatory)Alexander W. Raymond(Woodwell Climate Research Center)Luciano Rezzolla(Goethe University Frankfurt)Angelo Ricarte(Goethe University Frankfurt)Bart Ripperda(Woodwell Climate Research Center)Freek Roelofs(Woodwell Climate Research Center)A. E. E. Rogers(Woodwell Climate Research Center)E. Ros(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy)Cristina Romero-Cañizales(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Arash Roshanineshat(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Helge Rottmann(University of Arizona)A. L. Roy(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy)Ignacio Ruiz(Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica)Chet Ruszczyk(Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica)K. L. J. Rygl(Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna)Salvador Sánchez(Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna)David Sánchez-Argüelles(National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics)M. Sánchez‐Portal(National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics)Mahito Sasada(Hiroshima University)Kaushik Satapathy(Hiroshima University)T. Savolainen(University of Arizona)F. Peter Schloerb(University of Massachusetts Amherst)Jonathan Schonfeld(University of Massachusetts Amherst)K. Schüster(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique)Lijing Shao(Peking University)Zhi-Qiang Shen(Peking University)Des Small(Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC)Bong Won Sohn(Yonsei University)Jason Soohoo(Yonsei University)Kamal Souccar(University of Massachusetts Amherst)He Sun(University of Massachusetts Amherst)Fumie Tazaki(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan)Alexandra J. Tetarenko(Texas Tech University)Paul Tiede(Texas Tech University)R. P. J. Tilanus(Leiden University)Michael Titus(Leiden University)Pablo Torné(Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica)Efthalia Traianou(Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica)Tyler Trent(University of Arizona)Sascha Trippe(University of Arizona)Matthew Turk(Seoul National University)Ilse van Bemmel(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)Huib Jan van Langevelde(Leiden University)Daniel R. van Rossum(Leiden University)Jesse Vos(Radboud University Nijmegen)Jan Wagner(Radboud University Nijmegen)D. Ward–Thompson(University of Lancashire)J. F. C. Wardle(University of Lancashire)Jonathan Weintroub(Woodwell Climate Research Center)Norbert Wex(Woodwell Climate Research Center)Robert Wharton(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy)Maciek Wielgus(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy)K. Wiik(University of Turku)Gunther Witzel(University of Turku)Michael F. Wondrak(Radboud University Nijmegen)George N. Wong(Radboud University Nijmegen)Qingwen 庆文 Wu 吴(Princeton University)Paul Yamaguchi(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian)Doosoo Yoon(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian)André Young(Radboud University Nijmegen)Ken Young(Radboud University Nijmegen)Ziri Younsi(Goethe University Frankfurt)Feng 峰 Yuan 袁(Goethe University Frankfurt)Ye-Fei 业飞 Yuan 袁J. A. Zensus(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy)Shuo Zhang(Bard College)Guang-Yao Zhao(Bard College)Shan-Shan Zhao(Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía)C. Agurto(European Southern Observatory)Alexander Allardi(University of Vermont)Rodrigo Amestica(University of Vermont)Juan Pablo Araneda(National Radio Astronomy Observatory)Oriel Arriagada(European Southern Observatory)J. Berghuis(Gemini North Observatory)Alessandra Bertarini(University of Bonn)Ryan Berthold(University of Bonn)J. Blanchard(National Radio Astronomy Observatory)Ken Brown(National Radio Astronomy Observatory)Mauricio Cárdenas(East Asian Observatory)Michael Cantzler(European Southern Observatory)Patricio Caro(European Southern Observatory)Edgar Castillo-Domínguez(European Southern Observatory)Tin Chan(Chinese University of Hong Kong)Chih-Cheng Chang(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Dominic O. Chang(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Shu-Hao Chang(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Song-Chu Chang(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Chung-Chen Chen(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Ryan Chilson(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Tim C. Chuter(East Asian Observatory)Mirosław Ciechanowicz(East Asian Observatory)Edgar Colín-Beltrán(National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics)I. M. Coulson(National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics)Joseph Crowley(East Asian Observatory)N. Degenaar(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)Sven Dornbusch(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy)C. Durán(European Southern Observatory)W. Everett(University of Colorado Boulder)Aaron Faber(Western University)Karl Förster(California Institute of Technology)Miriam Fuchs(California Institute of Technology)David M. Gale(National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics)Gertie Geertsema(Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute)E. Gómez González(Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute)Dave Graham(European Southern Observatory)Frédéric Gueth(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique)N. W. Halverson(University of Colorado Boulder)Chih-Chiang Han(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Kuo-Chang Han(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Yutaka Hasegawa(Osaka Prefecture University)José Luis Hernández-Rebollar(Osaka Prefecture University)Cristian Herrera(National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics)R. Herrero‐Illana(European Southern Observatory)S. Heyminck(European Southern Observatory)Akihiko Hirota(Atacama Large Millimeter Submillimeter Array)James Hoge(Atacama Large Millimeter Submillimeter Array)Shelbi R. Hostler Schimpf(East Asian Observatory)Ryan Howie(University of Arizona)Yau-De Huang(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Homin Jiang(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)H. Jinchi(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)John David(National Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology)Kimihiro Kimura(Osaka Prefecture University)Thomas Klein(Osaka Prefecture University)Derek Kubo(European Southern Observatory)John Kuroda(East Asian Observatory)Caleb Kwon(East Asian Observatory)Richard Lacasse(National Radio Astronomy Observatory)R. A. Laing(European Southern Observatory)E. M. Leitch(European Southern Observatory)Chao-Te Li(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Ching-Tang Liu(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Kuan-Yu Liu(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)L. C.-C. Lin(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Li-Ming Lu(National Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology)F. Mac-Auliffe(National Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology)Pierre Martin-Cocher(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Callie Matulonis(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)John K. Maute(East Asian Observatory)Hugo Messias(Atacama Large Millimeter Submillimeter Array)Zheng Meyer-Zhao(Atacama Large Millimeter Submillimeter Array)Alfredo Montaña(National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics)F. M. Montenegro‐Montes(National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics)William Montgomerie(Ames Research Center)Marcos Emir Moreno Nolasco(Ames Research Center)D. Muders(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy)Hiroaki Nishioka(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Timothy Norton(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)George Nystrom(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian)Hideo Ogawa(Osaka Prefecture University)Rodrigo Olivares(Osaka Prefecture University)Peter Oshiro(European Southern Observatory)J. P. Pérez-Beaupuits(Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile)Rodrigo Parra(Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile)N. Phillips(European Southern Observatory)Michael Poirier(European Southern Observatory)Nicolas Pradel(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Richard Qiu(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Philippe Raffin(Harvard University)A. Rahlin(Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory)Jorge Ramírez(Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory)Sean M. Ressler(Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology)M. T. Reynolds(University of Michigan)Iván Rodríguez-Montoya(University of Michigan)Alejandro F. Sáez-Madaín(National Radio Astronomy Observatory)Jorge Santana(National Radio Astronomy Observatory)Paul Shaw(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Leslie E. Shirkey(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Kevin M. Silva(East Asian Observatory)W. M. Snow(East Asian Observatory)Don Sousa(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)T. K. Sridharan(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian)William Stahm(East Asian Observatory)A. A. Stark(East Asian Observatory)John Test(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian)K. Torstensson(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian)Paulina Venegas(European Southern Observatory)Craig Walther(East Asian Observatory)Ta-Shun Wei(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Christopher J. White(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)G. Wieching(Princeton University)R. Wijnands(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy)J. G. A. Wouterloot(East Asian Observatory)Chen-Yu Yu(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Wei Yu(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica)Milagros Zeballos(National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics)

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Abstract

Abstract We present the first Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations of Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), the Galactic center source associated with a supermassive black hole. These observations were conducted in 2017 using a global interferometric array of eight telescopes operating at a wavelength of λ = 1.3 mm. The EHT data resolve a compact emission region with intrahour variability. A variety of imaging and modeling analyses all support an image that is dominated by a bright, thick ring with a diameter of 51.8 ± 2.3 μ as (68% credible interval). The ring has modest azimuthal brightness asymmetry and a comparatively dim interior. Using a large suite of numerical simulations, we demonstrate that the EHT images of Sgr A* are consistent with the expected appearance of a Kerr black hole with mass ∼4 × 10 6 M ⊙ , which is inferred to exist at this location based on previous infrared observations of individual stellar orbits, as well as maser proper-motion studies. Our model comparisons disfavor scenarios where the black hole is viewed at high inclination ( i > 50°), as well as nonspinning black holes and those with retrograde accretion disks. Our results provide direct evidence for the presence of a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, and for the first time we connect the predictions from dynamical measurements of stellar orbits on scales of 10 3 –10 5 gravitational radii to event-horizon-scale images and variability. Furthermore, a comparison with the EHT results for the supermassive black hole M87* shows consistency with the predictions of general relativity spanning over three orders of magnitude in central mass.

Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena Pulsars and Gravitational Waves ResearchSagittarius A*Supermassive black holeGalactic CenterMilky WaySagittariusPhysicsEvent horizonAstronomyCenter (category theory)Astrophysics

Funding

Vetenskapsrådet
Ministry of Education, India
China Scholarship Council
European Southern Observatory
National Science Foundation
Smithsonian Institution
U.S. Department of Energy
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
John Templeton Foundation
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
University of Chicago
University of Arizona
National Center for Theoretical Sciences
Compute Canada
Netherlands eScience Center
Space Telescope Science Institute
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
Associated Universities
International Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology
Joint Institute for Computational Fundamental Science
Flatiron Health
Government of Canada
Leverhulme Trust
European Commission
National Research Foundation
University of Pretoria
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Universiteit Leiden
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Universiteit van Amsterdam
Radboud Universiteit
Academia Sinica
Academy of Finland
Chinese Academy of Sciences
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
Generalitat Valenciana
Universitat de València
Nuclear Safety and Security Commission
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
National Research Foundation of Korea
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Recruitment Program of Global Experts
Junta de Andalucía
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo
Institut Périmètre de physique théorique
East Asian Core Observatories Association
Toray Science Foundation
Office of Science
National Nuclear Security Administration
Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Science and Technology Facilities Council
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
National Institutes of Natural Sciences
National Key Research and Development Program of China
Office of International Science and Engineering
Army Research Office
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Los Alamos National Laboratory