Entomotoxic effects of calcium-based materials derived from bio-waste eggshells as alternative inorganic insecticides against cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract

Recycling agricultural waste and changing it into value-added products is considered one of the most important issues. In this context, waste eggshells were utilized as an alternative bio-calcium source for preparing calcium-based materials. The prepared materials were characterized by using Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Their entomotoxic effects were estimated against Spodoptera littorals. Calcium-based materials provide an alternative inorganic insecticide for Spodoptera littorals besides their role in reducing the pollutant effects on the environment.