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Upper limits on the isotropic gravitational-wave background from Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo’s third observing run

Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · 2021 · Vol. 104(2)

R. Abbott✉(California Institute of Technology)T. D. Abbott(Louisiana State University)S. Abraham(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)F. Acernese(University of Salerno)K. Ackley(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)A. Adams(Christopher Newport University)C. Adams(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)R. X. Adhikari(California Institute of Technology)V. B. Adya(Australian National University)C. Affeldt(Leibniz University Hannover)D. Agarwal(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)M. Agathos(University of Cambridge)K. Agatsuma(University of Birmingham)N. Aggarwal(Northwestern University)O. D. Aguiar(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais)L. Aiello(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)A. Ain(University of Pisa)T. Akutsu(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan)K. M. Aleman(California State University, Fullerton)B. Allen(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)A. Allocca(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli)P. A. Altin(Australian National University)A. Amato(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)Shreya Anand(California Institute of Technology)A. Ananyeva(California Institute of Technology)S. B. Anderson(California Institute of Technology)W. G. Anderson(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)Masaki Ando(The University of Tokyo)S. V. Angelova(University of Strathclyde)S. Ansoldi(University of Udine)J. M. Antelis(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)S. Antier(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)S. Appert(California Institute of Technology)Koya Arai(California Institute of Technology)Koji Arai(California Institute of Technology)Y. Arai(Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe)S. Araki(High Energy Accelerator Research Organization)A. Araya(The University of Tokyo)M. C. Araya(California Institute of Technology)J. S. Areeda(California State University, Fullerton)M. Arène(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)N. Aritomi(The University of Tokyo)N. Arnaud(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)S. M. Scott(University of Florida)Hideki Asada(Hirosaki University)Y. Asali(Columbia University)G. Ashton(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)Y. Aso(The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI)S. M. Aston(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)P. Astone(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)F. Aubin(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)P. Aufmuth(Leibniz University Hannover)K. AultONeal(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)C. Austin(Louisiana State University)S. Babak(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)F. Badaracco(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)M. K. M. Bader(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)S. Bae(Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information)Y. Bae(National Institute for Mathematical Sciences)A. M. Baer(Christopher Newport University)S. Bagnasco(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino)Y. Bai(California Institute of Technology)Luca Baiotti(Osaka International University)J. Baird(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)R. Bajpai(The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI)M. Ball(University of Oregon)G. Ballardin(European Gravitational Observatory)S. W. Ballmer(Syracuse University)M. Bals(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)A. Balsamo(Christopher Newport University)G. Baltus(University of Liège)S. Banagiri(University of Minnesota)D. Bankar(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)R. S. Bankar(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)J. C. Barayoga(California Institute of Technology)C. Barbieri(Brera Astronomical Observatory)B. C. Barish(California Institute of Technology)D. BarkerP. Barneo(Universitat de Barcelona)S. Barnum(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)F. Barone(University of Salerno)B. Barr(University of Glasgow)L. Barsotti(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)M. Barsuglia(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)D. Barta(HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics)J. BartlettM. A. Barton(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan)I. Bartos(University of Florida)R. Bassiri(Stanford University)I. Bartos(University of Pisa)M. Bawaj(University of Perugia)J. C. Bayley(University of Glasgow)A. C. Baylor(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)M. Bazzan(University of Padua)B. Bécsy(Montana State University)V. M. Bedakihale(Institute for Plasma Research)M. Bejger(Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center)I. Belahcene(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)V. Benedetto(University of Sannio)D. Beniwal(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery)M. G. Benjamin(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)T. F. Bennett(California State University System)J. D. Bentley(University of Birmingham)M. BenYaala(University of Strathclyde)J. D. Bentley(Leibniz University Hannover)B. K. Berger(Stanford University)Sebastiano Bernuzzi(Northwestern University)D. Bersanetti(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova)A. Bertolini(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)J. Betzwieser(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)R. Bhandare(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)A. V. Bhandari(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)Deep Bhattacharjee(Missouri University of Science and Technology)S. Bhaumik(University of Florida)J. Bidler(California State University, Fullerton)I. A. Bilenko(Lomonosov Moscow State University)G. Billingsley(California Institute of Technology)R. Birney(University of the West of Scotland)O. Birnholtz(Bar-Ilan University)S. Biscans(California Institute of Technology)M. Bischi(University of Urbino)S. Biscoveanu(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)A. Bisht(Leibniz University Hannover)B. Biswas(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)M. Bitossi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa)M. A. Bizouard(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)Jason K. Blackburn(California Institute of Technology)Jonathan Blackman(California Institute of Technology)C. D. Blair(The University of Western Australia)D. G. Blair(The University of Western Australia)R. M. BlairF. Bobba(University of Salerno)N. Bode(Leibniz University Hannover)M. Boër(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)G. Bogaert(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)M. Boldrini(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)F. Bondu(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)E. Bonilla(Stanford University)R. Bonnand(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)P. Booker(Leibniz University Hannover)B. A. Boom(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)R. Bork(California Institute of Technology)V. Boschi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa)N. Bose(Indian Institute of Technology Bombay)S. Bose(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)V. Bossilkov(The University of Western Australia)V. Boudart(University of Liège)Y. Bouffanais(University of Padua)A. Bozzi(European Gravitational Observatory)C. Bradaschia(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa)P. R. Brady(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)A. Bramley(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)A. Branch(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)M. Branchesi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)J. E. Brau(University of Oregon)M. Breschi(Friedrich Schiller University Jena)T. Briant(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)J. H. Briggs(University of Glasgow)A. Brillet(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)M. Brinkmann(Leibniz University Hannover)P. Brockill(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)A. F. Brooks(California Institute of Technology)J. Brooks(European Gravitational Observatory)D. Brown(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery)S. Brunett(California Institute of Technology)G. Bruno(UCLouvain)R. Bruntz(Christopher Newport University)J. Bryant(University of Birmingham)A. Buikema(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)T. Bulik(Astronomical Observatory)H. J. Bulten(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)Alessandra Buonanno(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)R. Buscicchio(University of Birmingham)D. Buskulic(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)R. L. Byer(Stanford University)L. Cadonati(Georgia Institute of Technology)Matthew Caesar(Villanova University)G. Cagnoli(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)C. Cahillane(California Institute of Technology)H. W. Cain(Louisiana State University)J. Calderón Bustillo(Chinese University of Hong Kong)J. D. Callaghan(University of Glasgow)T. A. Callister(Flatiron Health (United States))E. Calloni(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli)J. B. Camp(Goddard Space Flight Center)M. Canepa(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova)M. Cannavacciuolo(University of Salerno)K. C. Cannon(The University of Tokyo)H. Cao(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery)J. Cao(Tsinghua University)Z. Cao(Beijing Normal University)E. Capocasa(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan)E. Capote(California State University, Fullerton)G. Carapella(University of Salerno)F. Carbognani(European Gravitational Observatory)J. B. Carlin(The University of Melbourne)M. F. Carney(Northwestern University)M. Carpinelli(University of Sassari)G. Carullo(University of Pisa)T. L. Carver(Cardiff University)J. Casanueva Diaz(European Gravitational Observatory)C. Casentini(University of Rome Tor Vergata)Giuseppe Castaldi(University of Sannio)S. Caudill(Utrecht University)M. Cavaglià(Missouri University of Science and Technology)F. Cavalier(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)R. Cavalieri(European Gravitational Observatory)G. Cella(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa)P. Cerdá–Durán(Universitat de València)E. Cesarini(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata)W. Chaibi(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)K. Chakravarti(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)B. Champion(Rochester Institute of Technology)C.-H. Chan(Chinese University of Hong Kong)C. Chan(Chinese University of Hong Kong)C. Chan(Chinese University of Hong Kong)M. Chan(Fukuoka University)Koustav Chandra(Indian Institute of Technology Bombay)P. Chanial(European Gravitational Observatory)S. Chao(National Tsing Hua University)P. Charlton(Charles Sturt University)E. A. Chase(Northwestern University)E. Chassande‐Mottin(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)Deep Chatterjee(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)M. Chaturvedi(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)A. Chen(Chinese University of Hong Kong)C. Chen(Tamkang University)H. Y. Chen(University of Chicago)J. Chen(National Tsing Hua University)K. Chen(National Central University)X. Chen(The University of Western Australia)Y.-B. Chen(California Institute of Technology)Y.-R. Chen(California Institute of Technology)Zu-Cheng Chen(Cardiff University)Hai‐Ping Cheng(University of Florida)C. K. Cheong(Chinese University of Hong Kong)H. Y. Cheung(Chinese University of Hong Kong)H. Y. Chia(University of Florida)F. Chiadini(University of Salerno)C-Y. Chiang(Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica)R. Chierici(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)A. Chincarini(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova)M. L. Chiofalo(University of Pisa)A. Chiummo(European Gravitational Observatory)G. Cho(Seoul National University)H. S. Cho(Pusan National University)S. Choate(Villanova University)Ramesh Choudhary(The University of Western Australia)S. Choudhary(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)N. Christensen(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)Hong-Yu Chu(National Central University)Q. Chu(The University of Western Australia)Y-K. Chu(Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica)S. Chua(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)K. W. Chung(University of London)G. Ciani(University of Padua)P. Ciecieląg(Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center)M. Cieślar(Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center)M. Cifaldi(University of Rome Tor Vergata)A. A. Ciobanu(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery)R. Ciolfi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova)F. Cipriano(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)A. Cirone(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova)F. ClaraE. N. Clark(University of Arizona)J. A. Clark(Georgia Institute of Technology)L. Clarke(Rutherford Appleton Laboratory)P. Clearwater(The University of Melbourne)S. Clesse(Université Libre de Bruxelles)F. Cleva(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)E. Coccia(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)P.-F. Cohadon(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)D. Cohen(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)Leon Cohen(Louisiana State University)M. Colleoni(Fundació Universitat-Empresa de les Illes Balears)C. G. Collette(Université Libre de Bruxelles)M. Colpi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano Bicocca)C. M. ComptonM. Constancio(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais)L. Conti(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova)S. J. Cooper(University of Birmingham)P. Corban(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)T. R. Corbitt(Louisiana State University)I. Cordero-Carrión(Universitat de València)S. Corezzi(University of Perugia)K. R. Corley(Columbia University)Neil J. Cornish(Montana State University)D. Corre(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)A. Corsi(Texas Tech University)S. Cortese(European Gravitational Observatory)C. A. Costa(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais)R. Cotesta(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)M. W. Coughlin(University of Minnesota)S. B. Coughlin(Northwestern University)J.-P. Coulon(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)S. T. Countryman(Columbia University)B. Cousins(Pennsylvania State University)P. Couvares(California Institute of Technology)P. B. Covas(Fundació Universitat-Empresa de les Illes Balears)D. M. Coward(The University of Western Australia)M. J. Cowart(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)D. C. Coyne(California Institute of Technology)R. Coyne(University of Rhode Island)J. D. E. Creighton(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)J. D. E. Creighton(The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley)A. W. Criswell(University of Minnesota)M. Croquette(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)S. G. Crowder(Bellevue College)J. R. Cudell(University of Liège)T. J. Cullen(Louisiana State University)A. Cumming(University of Glasgow)R. Cummings(University of Glasgow)E. Cuoco(Scuola Normale Superiore)M. Curyło(Astronomical Observatory)T. Dal Canton(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)G. Dálya(Eötvös Loránd University)Aykutlu Dâna(Stanford University)L. M. DaneshgaranBajastani(California State University System)B. D’Angelo(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova)S. L. Danilishin(Maastricht University)S. D’Antonio(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata)K. Danzmann(Leibniz University Hannover)C. Darsow-Fromm(Universität Hamburg)Arnab Dasgupta(Institute for Plasma Research)L. E. H. Datrier(University of Glasgow)V. Dattilo(European Gravitational Observatory)I. Dave(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)M. Davier(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)G. S. Davies(Universidade de Santiago de Compostela)Philip Davis(California Institute of Technology)E. J. Daw(University of Sheffield)R. Dean(Villanova University)M. Deenadayalan(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)J. Degallaix(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)M. De Laurentis(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli)S. Deléglise(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)V. Del Favero(Rochester Institute of Technology)F. De Lillo(UCLouvain)N. De Lillo(University of Glasgow)W. Del Pozzo(University of Pisa)L. M. DeMarchi(Northwestern University)F. De Matteis(University of Rome Tor Vergata)V. D’Emilio(Cardiff University)N. Demos(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)T. Dent(Universidade de Santiago de Compostela)A. Depasse(UCLouvain)R. De Pietri(University of Parma)R. De Rosa(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli)C. De Rossi(European Gravitational Observatory)R. DeSalvo(University of Sannio)R. De Simone(University of Salerno)S. Dhurandhar(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)M. C. Díaz(The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley)M. Diaz-Ortiz(University of Florida)N. A. Didio(Syracuse University)Tim Dietrich(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)L. Di Fiore(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli)C. Di Fronzo(University of Birmingham)C. Di Giorgio(University of Salerno)F. Di Giovanni(Universitat de València)T. Di Girolamo(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli)A. Di Lieto(University of Pisa)B. Ding(Université Libre de Bruxelles)S. Di Pace(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)I. Di Palma(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)F. Di Renzo(University of Pisa)A. K. Divakarla(University of Florida)A. Dmitriev(University of Birmingham)Z. Doctor(University of Oregon)L. D’Onofrio(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli)F. Donovan(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)K. L. Dooley(Cardiff University)S. Doravari(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)I. Dorrington(Cardiff University)M. Drago(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)Jennifer C DriggersY. Drori(California Institute of Technology)Zhihui Du(Tsinghua University)J.-G. Ducoin(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)P. Dupej(University of Glasgow)O. Durante(University of Salerno)D. D’Urso(University of Sassari)Pierre-Alexandre Duverne(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)I. Dvorkin(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)S. E. DwyerP. J. Easter(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)M. Ebersold(University of Zurich)G. Eddolls(University of Glasgow)B. Edelman(University of Oregon)T. B. Edo(California Institute of Technology)O. Edy(University of Portsmouth)A. Effler(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)S. Eguchi(Fukuoka University)J. Eichholz(Australian National University)S. S. Eikenberry(University of Florida)M. Eisenmann(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)R. A. Eisenstein(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)A. Ejlli(Cardiff University)Y. Enomoto(The University of Tokyo)L. Errico(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli)R. C. Essick(University of Chicago)H. Estellés(Fundació Universitat-Empresa de les Illes Balears)D. Estevez(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)Z. Etienne(West Virginia University)T. Etzel(California Institute of Technology)M. Evans(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)T. M. Evans(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)B. E. Ewing(Pennsylvania State University)V. Fafone(University of Rome Tor Vergata)H. Fair(Syracuse University)S. Fairhurst(Cardiff University)X. Fan(Tsinghua University)A. M. Farah(University of Chicago)S. Farinon(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova)B. Farr(University of Oregon)W. M. Farr(Flatiron Health (United States))N. W. Farrow(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)E. J. Fauchon-Jones(Cardiff University)M. Favata(Montclair State University)M. Fays(University of Liège)Mariana Fazio(Colorado State University)J. Feicht(California Institute of Technology)M. M. Fejer(Stanford University)F. Feng(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)E. Fenyvesi(HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research)D. L. Ferguson(Georgia Institute of Technology)A. Fernandez-Galiana(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)I. Ferrante(University of Pisa)T. A. Ferreira(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais)F. Fidecaro(University of Pisa)P. Figura(Astronomical Observatory)I. Fiori(European Gravitational Observatory)M. Fishbach(Northwestern University)R. P. Fisher(Christopher Newport University)J. M. Fishner(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)R. Fittipaldi(University of Salerno)V. Fiumara(University of Basilicata)R. Flaminio(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)E. Floden(University of Minnesota)E. Flynn(California State University, Fullerton)S. M. Fleischer(The University of Tokyo)José A. Font(Universitat de València)Bartosz Fornal(University of Utah)P. W. F. Forsyth(Australian National University)A. Franke(Universität Hamburg)S. Frasca(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)F. Frasconi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa)C. Frederick(Kenyon College)Z. Frei(Eötvös Loránd University)A. Freise(Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam)R. Frey(University of Oregon)P. Fritschel(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)V. V. Frolov(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)G. G. Fronzé(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino)Yasuhiro Fujii(The University of Tokyo)Y. Fujikawa(Niigata University)M. Fukunaga(Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe)Mitsuhiro Fukushima(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan)P. Fulda(University of Florida)M. Fyffe(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)H. A. Gabbard(University of Glasgow)B. U. Gadre(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)S. M. Gaebel(University of Birmingham)J. R. Gair(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)J. Gais(Chinese University of Hong Kong)S. Galaudage(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)Rossella Gamba(Friedrich Schiller University Jena)D. Ganapathy(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)A. Ganguly(Tata Institute of Fundamental Research)D. Gao(Chinese Academy of Sciences)S. G. Gaonkar(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)B. Garaventa(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova)C. García‐Núñez(University of the West of Scotland)C. García-Quirós(Fundació Universitat-Empresa de les Illes Balears)F. Garufi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli)B. GateleyS. Gaudio(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)V. Gayathri(University of Florida)G. Ge(Chinese Academy of Sciences)G. Gemme(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova)A. Gennai(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa)J. George(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)L. Gergely(University of Szeged)P. Gewecke(Universität Hamburg)S. Ghonge(Georgia Institute of Technology)Abhirup Ghosh(Ghent University)Archisman Ghosh(Ghent University)Shaon Ghosh(Montclair State University)Shrobana Ghosh(Montclair State University)Sourath Ghosh(Montclair State University)B. Giacomazzo(Brera Astronomical Observatory)L. Giacoppo(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)J. A. Giaime(Louisiana State University)K. D. Giardina(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)Des Gibson(University of the West of Scotland)C. Gier(University of Strathclyde)Matthew Giesler(California Institute of Technology)P. Giri(University of Pisa)F. Gissi(University of Sannio)J. Glanzer(Louisiana State University)A. E. Gleckl(California State University, Fullerton)P. Godwin(Pennsylvania State University)E. Goetz(University of British Columbia)E. Goetz(University of Florida)N. Gohlke(Leibniz University Hannover)B. Goncharov(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)G. González(Louisiana State University)A. Gopakumar(Tata Institute of Fundamental Research)M. Gosselin(European Gravitational Observatory)R. Gouaty(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)B. Grace(Australian National University)A. Grado(Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte)M. Granata(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)V. Granata(University of Salerno)A. Grant(University of Glasgow)S. Gras(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)P. Grassia(California Institute of Technology)C. GrayR. Gray(University of Glasgow)G. Greco(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia)A. C. Green(University of Florida)R. Green(Cardiff University)A. M. Gretarsson(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)E. M. Gretarsson(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)D. Griffith(California Institute of Technology)W. L. Griffiths(Cardiff University)H. L. Griggs(Georgia Institute of Technology)G. Grignani(University of Perugia)A. Grimaldi(University of Trento)E. Grimes(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)S. J. Grimm(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)H. Grote(Cardiff University)S. Grünewald(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)P. Grüning(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)J. G. Guerrero(California State University, Fullerton)G. M. Guidi(University of Urbino)A. R. Guimaraes(Louisiana State University)G. Guixé(Universitat de Barcelona)H. K. Gulati(Institute for Plasma Research)Huai-Ke Guo(University of Utah)Y. Guo(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)Anchal Gupta(California Institute of Technology)Anuradha Gupta(California Institute of Technology)Anchal Gupta(Utrecht University)E. K. Gustafson(California Institute of Technology)R. Gustafson(University of Michigan)Felipe Guzmán(University of Arizona)S. Ha(Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology)L. Haegel(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)A. Hagiwara(High Energy Accelerator Research Organization)S. Haino(Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica)O. Halim(University of Trieste)E. D. Hall(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)E. Z. Hamilton(Cardiff University)G. Hammond(University of Glasgow)Wen-Biao Han(Chinese Academy of Sciences)M. Haney(University of Zurich)J. HanksC. Hanna(Pennsylvania State University)M. D. Hannam(Cardiff University)O. A. Hannuksela(Chinese University of Hong Kong)H. HansenT. J. Hansen(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)J. Hanson(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)T. Harder(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)T. Hardwick(Louisiana State University)K. Haris(Tata Institute of Fundamental Research)J. Harms(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)I. W. Harry(American University)I. W. Harry(University of Portsmouth)D. Hartwig(Universität Hamburg)K. Hasegawa(Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe)B. Haskell(Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center)R. K. Hasskew(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)C.-J. Haster(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)Kentaro Hattori(University of Toyama)K. Haughian(University of Glasgow)H. Hayakawa(The University of Tokyo)K. Hayama(Fukuoka University)F. J. Hayes(University of Glasgow)James Healy(Rochester Institute of Technology)A. Heidmann(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)M. C. Heintze(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)J. Heinze(Leibniz University Hannover)J. Heinzel(Carleton College)H. Heitmann(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)F. Hellman(University of California System)P. Hello(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)A. F. Helmling-Cornell(University of Oregon)H. Heitmann(European Gravitational Observatory)M. Hendry(University of Glasgow)I. S. Heng(University of Glasgow)E. Hennes(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)J. Hennig(Leibniz University Hannover)J. Hennig(Leibniz University Hannover)F. Hernandez Vivanco(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)M. Heurs(Leibniz University Hannover)S. Hild(Maastricht University)P. Hill(University of Strathclyde)Y. Himemoto(Nihon University)A. S. Hines(University of Arizona)Y. Hiranuma(Niigata University)N. Hirata(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan)E. Hirose(Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe)S. Hochheim(Leibniz University Hannover)D. Hofman(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)J. N. Hohmann(Universität Hamburg)A. M. Holgado(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)N. A. Holland(Australian National University)I. J. Hollows(University of Sheffield)Z. J. Holmes(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery)K. Holt(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)D. E. Holz(University of Chicago)Z. Hong(National Taiwan Normal University)P. Hopkins(Cardiff University)J. Hough(University of Glasgow)E. J. Howell(The University of Western Australia)C. G. Hoy(Cardiff University)D. Hoyland(University of Birmingham)A. Hreibi(Leibniz University Hannover)B-H. Hsieh(Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe)Y. Hsu(National Tsing Hua University)G-Z. Huang(National Taiwan Normal University)H-Y. Huang(Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica)P. Huang(Chinese Academy of Sciences)Y-C. Huang(National Tsing Hua University)Y.-J. Huang(National Tsing Hua University)Y. Huang(National Tsing Hua University)M. T. Hübner(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)A. D. Huddart(Rutherford Appleton Laboratory)E. A. Huerta(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)B. Hughey(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)D. C. Y. Hui(Chungnam National University)V. Hui(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)S. Husa(Fundació Universitat-Empresa de les Illes Balears)S. H. Huttner(University of Glasgow)R. Huxford(Pennsylvania State University)T. Huynh-Dinh(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)Shotaro Ide(Aoyama Gakuin University)B. Idźkowski(Astronomical Observatory)A. Iess(University of Rome Tor Vergata)B. Ikenoue(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan)S. Imam(National Taiwan Normal University)K. Inayoshi(Peking University)H. Inchauspe(University of Florida)C. Ingram(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery)Yoshiyuki Inoue(National Central University)G. Intini(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)Kunihito Ioka(Kyoto University)M. Isi(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)K. Isleif(Universität Hamburg)K. Ito(University of Toyama)Y. Itoh(Osaka City University)B. R. Iyer(Tata Institute of Fundamental Research)K. Izumi(Institute of Space and Astronautical Science)V. JaberianHamedan(The University of Western Australia)T. Jacqmin(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)S. J. Jadhav(Research & Development Establishment (Engrs.))S. J. Jadhav(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)A. L. James(Cardiff University)A. Z. Jan(Rochester Institute of Technology)K. Jani(Georgia Institute of Technology)K. Janssens(University of Antwerp)N. N. Janthalur(Research & Development Establishment (Engrs.))P. Jaranowski(University of Białystok)D. Jariwala(University of Florida)R. Jaume(Fundació Universitat-Empresa de les Illes Balears)A. C. Jenkins(University of London)C. Jeon(Ewha Womans University)M. Jeunon(University of Minnesota)W. Jia(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)Jun Jiang(University of Florida)H.-B. Jin(National Space Science Center)G. R. Johns(Christopher Newport University)A. W. Jones(The University of Western Australia)D. I. Jones(University of Southampton)J. D. JonesPhil Jones(University of Birmingham)R. W. L. Jones(University of Glasgow)R. J. G. Jonker(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)L. Ju(The University of Western Australia)K. Jung(Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology)P. Jung(The University of Tokyo)J. Junker(Leibniz University Hannover)K. Kaihotsu(University of Toyama)T. Kajita(The University of Tokyo)M. Kakizaki(University of Toyama)C. V. Kalaghatgi(Cardiff University)V. Kalogera(Northwestern University)B. Kamai(California Institute of Technology)M. Kamiizumi(The University of Tokyo)Nobuyuki Kanda(Osaka City University)S. Kandhasamy(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)G. Kang(Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information)J. B. Kanner(California Institute of Technology)Y. Kao(National Tsing Hua University)S. J. Kapadia(Tata Institute of Fundamental Research)D. P. Kapasi(Australian National University)C. Karathanasis(Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats)S. Karki(Missouri University of Science and Technology)Rahul Kashyap(Pennsylvania State University)M. Kasprzack(California Institute of Technology)W. Kastaun(Leibniz University Hannover)S. Katsanevas(European Gravitational Observatory)E. Katsavounidis(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)W. Katzman(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)T. Kaur(The University of Western Australia)K. KawabeKyohei Kawaguchi(Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe)N. Kawai(Tokyo Institute of Technology)T. Kawasaki(The University of Tokyo)F. Kéfélian(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)D. Keitel(Fundació Universitat-Empresa de les Illes Balears)J. S. Key(University of Washington Bothell)S. Khadka(Stanford University)F. Y. Khalili(Lomonosov Moscow State University)I. Khan(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata)S. Khan(Cardiff University)Е. А. Хазанов(Institute of Applied Physics)N. Khetan(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)M. Khursheed(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)N. Kijbunchoo(Australian National University)C. Kim(Ewha Womans University)J. C. Kim(Inje University)J. C. Kim(Inje University)K. Kim(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute)W. S. Kim(National Institute for Mathematical Sciences)Y.-M. Kim(Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology)C. Kimball(Northwestern University)N. Kimura(High Energy Accelerator Research Organization)P. J. KingM. Kinley-Hanlon(University of Glasgow)R. Kirchhoff(Leibniz University Hannover)J. S. KisselNaoki Kita(The University of Tokyo)H. Kitazawa(University of Toyama)L. Kleybolte(Universität Hamburg)S. Klimenko(University of Florida)A. M. Knee(University of British Columbia)T. D. Knowles(West Virginia University)E. Knyazev(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)P. Koch(Leibniz University Hannover)G. Koekoek(Maastricht University)Y. Kojima(Hiroshima University)K. Kokeyama(The University of Tokyo)S. Koley(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)P. Kolitsidou(Cardiff University)M. Kolstein(Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats)Lari M. Koponen(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)V. Kondrashov(California Institute of Technology)A. K. H. Kong(National Tsing Hua University)A. Kontos(Bard College)N. Koper(Leibniz University Hannover)M. Korobko(Universität Hamburg)Kei Kotake(Fukuoka University)M. Kovalam(The University of Western Australia)D. B. Kozak(California Institute of Technology)C. Kozakai(Kamchatka State University named after Vitus Bering)R. Kozu(The University of Tokyo)V. Kringel(Leibniz University Hannover)N. V. Krishnendu(Leibniz University Hannover)A. Królak(National Centre for Nuclear Research)G. Kuehn(Leibniz University Hannover)F. Kuei(National Tsing Hua University)A. Kumar(Research & Development Establishment (Engrs.))P. Kumar(Cornell University)Rahul Kumar(Institute for Plasma Research)Rakesh Kumar(Institute for Plasma Research)J. Kume(The University of Tokyo)K. Kuns(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)C. M. Kuo(National Central University)H-S. Kuo(National Taiwan Normal University)Y. Kuromiya(University of Toyama)Sachiko Kuroyanagi(Nagoya University)K. Kusayanagi(Tokyo Institute of Technology)K. Kwak(Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology)S. Kwang(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)D. Laghi(University of Pisa)É. Lalande(Polytechnique Montréal)T. L. Lam(Chinese University of Hong Kong)A. Lamberts(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)M. LandryB. B. Lane(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)R. N. Lang(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)J. Lange(Rochester Institute of Technology)B. Lantz(Stanford University)I. La Rosa(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)A. Lartaux-Vollard(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)P. D. Lasky(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)M. Laxen(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)A. Lazzarini(California Institute of Technology)C. Lazzaro(University of Padua)P. Leaci(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)S. Leavey(Leibniz University Hannover)Y. K. LecoeucheH. K. Lee(Inje University)Hyung Mok Lee(Inje University)H. W. Lee(Inje University)J. Lee(Seoul National University)H. K. Lee(Stanford University)R. Lee(National Tsing Hua University)J. Lehmann(Leibniz University Hannover)A. Lemaître(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)E. León(California State University, Fullerton)M. Leonardi(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan)N. Leroy(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)N. Letendre(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)Y. Levin(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)J. N. Leviton(University of Michigan)A. K. Y. Li(California Institute of Technology)B. Li(National Tsing Hua University)J. Li(Northwestern University)K. L. Li(National Tsing Hua University)T. G. F. Li(Chinese University of Hong Kong)X. Li(California Institute of Technology)Chun-Yu Lin(National Center for High-Performance Computing)F-K. Lin(National Taiwan Normal University)F-L. Lin(National Taiwan Normal University)H. Lin(National Central University)L. C.-C. Lin(Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology)F. Linde(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)S. D. Linker(California State University System)J. N. Linley(University of Glasgow)T. B. Littenberg(Marshall Space Flight Center)Guo-Chin Liu(Tamkang University)J. Liu(Leibniz University Hannover)K. Liu(National Tsing Hua University)X. Liu(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)M. Llorens-Monteagudo(Universitat de València)R. K. L. Lo(California Institute of Technology)A. Lockwood(University of Washington)M. L. Lollie(Louisiana State University)L. T. London(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)A. Longo(Roma Tre University)D. Lopez(University of Zurich)M. Lorenzini(University of Rome Tor Vergata)V. Loriette(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)M. Lormand(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)G. Losurdo(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa)J. D. Lough(Leibniz University Hannover)C. O. Lousto(Rochester Institute of Technology)G. Lovelace(California State University, Fullerton)H. Lück(Leibniz University Hannover)D. Lumaca(University of Rome Tor Vergata)A. P. Lundgren(University of Portsmouth)L.-W. Luo(Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica)R. Macas(Cardiff University)M. MacInnis(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)D. M. Macleod(Cardiff University)I. A. O. MacMillan(California Institute of Technology)A. Macquet(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)I. Magaña Hernandez(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)F. Magaña-Sandoval(University of Florida)C. Magazzù(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa)R. M. Magee(Pennsylvania State University)R. Maggiore(University of Birmingham)E. Majorana(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)I. Maksimovic(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)S. Maliakal(California Institute of Technology)A. Malik(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)N. Man(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)V. Mandic(University of Minnesota)V. Mangano(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)J. L. Mango(Concordia University Wisconsin)G. L. Mansell(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)V. Mangano(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)M. Mantovani(European Gravitational Observatory)Michela Mapelli(University of Padua)F. Marchesoni(Università di Camerino)M. Marchio(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan)F. Marion(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)Z. Mark(California Institute of Technology)Szabolcs Márka(Columbia University)Z. Márka(Columbia University)C. Markakis(University of Cambridge)A.S. Markosyan(Stanford University)A. Markowitz(California Institute of Technology)E. Maros(California Institute of Technology)Antonio Marquina(Universitat de València)S. Marsat(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)F. Martelli(University of Urbino)I. W. Martin(University of Glasgow)R. M. Martin(Montclair State University)M. Martinez(Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats)V. Martinez(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)K. Martinovic(University of London)Д. В. Мартынов(University of Birmingham)E. J. Marx(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)H. Masalehdan(Universität Hamburg)K. Mason(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)E. Massera(University of Sheffield)A. Masserot(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)T. J. Massinger(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)M. Masso‐Reid(University of Glasgow)S. Mastrogiovanni(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)A. Matas(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)M. Mateu-Lucena(Fundació Universitat-Empresa de les Illes Balears)F. Matichard(California Institute of Technology)M. Matiushechkina(Leibniz University Hannover)N. Mavalvala(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)J. J. McCann(The University of Western Australia)R. McCarthyD. E. McClelland(Australian National University)P. McClincy(Pennsylvania State University)S. McCormick(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)L. McCuller(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)G. I. McGhee(University of Glasgow)S. C. McGuire(Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College)C. McIsaac(University of Portsmouth)J. McIver(University of British Columbia)D. J. McManus(Australian National University)T. McRae(Australian National University)S. T. McWilliams(West Virginia University)D. Meacher(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)M. Mehmet(Leibniz University Hannover)A. K. Mehta(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)A. Melatos(The University of Melbourne)D. A. Melchor(California State University, Fullerton)G. MendellA. Menendez-Vazquez(Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats)C. S. Menoni(Colorado State University)R. A. Mercer(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)L. Mereni(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)K. Merfeld(University of Oregon)E. L. MerilhJ. D. Merritt(University of Oregon)M. Merzougui(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)S. Meshkov(California Institute of Technology)C. Messenger(University of Glasgow)C. Messick(The University of Texas at Austin)P. M. Meyers(The University of Melbourne)F. Meylahn(Leibniz University Hannover)A. Mhaske(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)A. Miani(University of Trento)H. Miao(University of Birmingham)I. Michaloliakos(University of Florida)C. Michel(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)Y. Michimura(The University of Tokyo)H. Middleton(The University of Melbourne)L. Milano(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli)A. L. Miller(University of Florida)M. Millhouse(The University of Melbourne)J. C. Mills(Cardiff University)E. Milotti(University of Trieste)M. C. Milovich-Goff(California State University System)O. Minazzoli(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)Y. Minenkov(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata)N. Mio(The University of Tokyo)Ll. M. Mir(Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats)A. Mishkin(University of Florida)C. Mishra(Indian Institute of Technology Madras)T. Mishra(University of Florida)T. Mistry(University of Sheffield)S. Mitra(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)V. P. Mitrofanov(Lomonosov Moscow State University)G. Mitselmakher(University of Florida)R. Mittleman(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)O. Miyakawa(The University of Tokyo)A. Miyamoto(Osaka City University)Yuki Miyazaki(The University of Tokyo)K. Miyo(The University of Tokyo)S. Miyoki(The University of Tokyo)Geoffrey Mo(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)K. Mogushi(Missouri University of Science and Technology)S. R. P. Mohapatra(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)S. R. Mohite(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)I. Molina(California State University, Fullerton)M. Molina-Ruiz(University of California System)M. Mondin(California State University System)M. Montani(University of Urbino)C. J. Moore(University of Birmingham)D. MoraruF. Morawski(Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center)A. More(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)C. Moreno(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)G. MorenoY. Mori(University of Toyama)S. Morisaki(Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe)Y. Moriwaki(University of Toyama)B. Mours(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)C. M. Mow‐Lowry(University of Birmingham)S. Mozzon(University of Portsmouth)F. Muciaccia(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)Arunava Mukherjee(Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics)D. Mukherjee(Pennsylvania State University)Soma Mukherjee(The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley)Subroto Mukherjee(The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley)N. Mukund(Leibniz University Hannover)A. Mullavey(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)J. Münch(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery)E. A. Muñiz(Syracuse University)P. G. Murray(University of Glasgow)R. Musenich(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova)S. L. Nadji(Leibniz University Hannover)K. Nagano(Institute of Space and Astronautical Science)Shigeo Nagano(Research Institute for Electromagnetic Materials)A. Nagar(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino)K. Nakamura(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan)Hiroyuki Nakano(Ryukoku University)M. Nakano(Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe)R. Nakashima(Tokyo Institute of Technology)Y. Nakayama(University of Toyama)I. Nardecchia(University of Rome Tor Vergata)T. Narikawa(Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe)L. Naticchioni(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)B. Nayak(California State University System)R. K. Nayak(Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata)R. Negishi(Niigata University)B. F. Neil(The University of Western Australia)J. Neilson(University of Sannio)G. Nelemans(Radboud University Nijmegen)T. J. N. Nelson(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)M. Nery(Leibniz University Hannover)A. Neunzert(University of Washington Bothell)K.Y. Ng(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)S. Ng(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery)C. Nguyen(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)P. Nguyen(University of Oregon)T. Nguyen(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)L. Nguyen Quynh(University of Notre Dame)W.-T. Ni(Chinese Academy of Sciences)S. A. Nichols(Louisiana State University)A. Nishizawa(The University of Tokyo)S. Nissanke(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)F. Nocera(European Gravitational Observatory)Minkyun Noh(University of British Columbia)Michael L. Norman(Cardiff University)C. North(Cardiff University)S. Nozaki(University of Toyama)L. K. Nuttall(University of Portsmouth)J. OberlingB. D. O’Brien(University of Florida)Y. Obuchi(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan)J. O’Dell(Rutherford Appleton Laboratory)W. Ogaki(Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe)G. Oganesyan(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)J. J. Oh(National Institute for Mathematical Sciences)K. Oh(Chungnam National University)S. H. Oh(National Institute for Mathematical Sciences)M. Ohashi(The University of Tokyo)N. Ohishi(Kamchatka State University named after Vitus Bering)Masashi Ohkawa(Niigata University)F. Ohme(Leibniz University Hannover)H. Ohta(The University of Tokyo)M. A. Okada(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais)Y. Okutani(Aoyama Gakuin University)K. Okutomi(The University of Tokyo)C. Olivetto(European Gravitational Observatory)K. Oohara(Niigata University)C. Ooi(The University of Tokyo)Richard J. Oram(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)B. O’Reilly(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)R. G. Ormiston(University of Minnesota)N. D. Ormsby(Christopher Newport University)L. F. Ortega(University of Florida)R. O’Shaughnessy(Rochester Institute of Technology)E. O’Shea(Cornell University)S. Oshino(The University of Tokyo)S. Ossokine(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)C. Osthelder(California Institute of Technology)S. Otabe(Tokyo Institute of Technology)D. J. Ottaway(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery)H. Overmier(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)A. E. Pace(Pennsylvania State University)G. Pagano(University of Pisa)M. A. Page(The University of Western Australia)G. Pagliaroli(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)A. Pai(Indian Institute of Technology Bombay)S. A. Pai(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)J. R. Palamos(University of Oregon)O. Palashov(Institute of Applied Physics)C. Palomba(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)K. Pan(National Tsing Hua University)P. K. Panda(Research & Development Establishment (Engrs.))H. Pang(National Central University)P. T. H. Pang(Utrecht University)C. Pankow(Northwestern University)F. Pannarale(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)B. C. Pant(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)F. Paoletti(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa)A. Paoli(European Gravitational Observatory)A. Paolone(Institute for Complex Systems)A. Parisi(Tamkang University)J. Park(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute)W. Parker(Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College)D. Pascucci(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)A. Pasqualetti(European Gravitational Observatory)R. Passaquieti(University of Pisa)D. Passuello(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa)M. Patel(Christopher Newport University)B. Patricelli(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa)E. Payne(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)T. C. Pechsiri(University of Florida)M. Pedraza(California Institute of Technology)M. Pegoraro(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova)A. Pele(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)F. E. Peña Arellano(The University of Tokyo)S. Penn(Hobart and William Smith Colleges)Albino Perego(University of Trento)A. Pereira(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)T. Pereira(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte)C. J. PerezC. Périgois(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)A. Perreca(University of Trento)S. Perriès(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)J. Petermann(Universität Hamburg)D. Petterson(California Institute of Technology)Harald Pfeiffer(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)K. A. Pham(University of Minnesota)K. S. Phukon(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)O. J. Piccinni(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)M. Pichot(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)M. Piendibene(University of Pisa)F. Piergiovanni(University of Urbino)L. Pierini(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)V. Pierro(University of Sannio)G. Pillant(European Gravitational Observatory)F. Pilo(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa)L. Pinard(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)I. M. Pinto(University of Sannio)B. J. Piotrzkowski(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)K. Piotrzkowski(UCLouvain)M. PirelloM. Pitkin(Lancaster University)E. Placidi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)W. Plastino(Roma Tre University)C. Pluchar(University of Arizona)R. Poggiani(University of Pisa)E. Polini(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)D. Y. T. Pong(Chinese University of Hong Kong)S. Ponrathnam(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)P. Popolizio(European Gravitational Observatory)E. K. Porter(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)J. Powell(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery)M. Pracchia(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)T. Pradier(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)Ashish Prajapati(Institute for Plasma Research)Kiran Prasai(Stanford University)T. Pradier(Research & Development Establishment (Engrs.))G. Pratten(University of Birmingham)T. Prestegard(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)M. Principe(University of Sannio)G. A. Prodi(University of Trento)L. Prokhorov(University of Birmingham)P. Prosposito(University of Rome Tor Vergata)L. Prudenzi(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)A. Puecher(Utrecht University)M. Punturo(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia)F. Puosi(University of Pisa)P. Puppo(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)M. Pürrer(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)H. Qi(Cardiff University)Volker Quetschke(The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley)P. J. Quinonez(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)R. Quitzow-James(Missouri University of Science and Technology)F. J. RaabG. Raaijmakers(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)H. RadkinsN. Radulesco(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)P. Raffai(Eötvös Loránd University)S. X. Rail(Polytechnique Montréal)S. Raja(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)C. Rajan(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)K. E. Ramirez(The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley)T. D. Ramirez(California State University, Fullerton)A. Ramos-Buades(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)J. Rana(Pennsylvania State University)P. Rapagnani(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)U. D. Rapol(Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune)B. Ratto(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)V. Raymond(Cardiff University)N. Raza(University of British Columbia)M. Razzano(University of Pisa)J. Read(California State University, Fullerton)L. A. Rees(American University)T. Regimbau(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)L. Rei(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova)S. Reid(University of Strathclyde)D. H. Reitze(California Institute of Technology)P. Relton(Cardiff University)P. Rettegno(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino)F. Ricci(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)C. J. Richardson(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)J. W. Richardson(California Institute of Technology)L. Richardson(University of Arizona)P. M. Ricker(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)G. Riemenschneider(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino)K. Riles(University of Michigan)Maria L. Rizzo(Northwestern University)N. A. Robertson(California Institute of Technology)R. Robie(California Institute of Technology)F. Robinet(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)A. Rocchi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata)J. A. Rocha(California State University, Fullerton)S. Rodriguez(California State University, Fullerton)R. D. Rodriguez-Soto(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)L. Rolland(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)J. G. Rollins(California Institute of Technology)V. J. Roma(University of Oregon)M. Romanelli(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)R. Romano(Texas Tech University)R. Romano(University of Salerno)C. L. RomelA. Romero(Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats)I. M. Romero-Shaw(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)J. H. Romie(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)C. A. Rose(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)D. Rosińska(Astronomical Observatory)S. G. Rosofsky(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)M. P. Ross(University of Washington)S. Rowan(University of Glasgow)S. J. Rowlinson(University of Birmingham)Santosh Roy(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)Soumen Roy(Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar)D. Rozza(University of Sassari)P. Ruggi(European Gravitational Observatory)K. RyanS. Sachdev(Pennsylvania State University)T. SadeckiJ. Sadiq(Universidade de Santiago de Compostela)Norichika Sago(Kyoto University)S. Saito(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan)Y. Saito(The University of Tokyo)K Sakai(IEEE France section)Yusuke Sakai(Niigata University)Mairi Sakellariadou(University of London)Y. Sakuno(Fukuoka University)O. S. Salafia(Brera Astronomical Observatory)L. Salconi(European Gravitational Observatory)M. Saleem(Chennai Mathematical Institute)F. Salemi(University of Trento)A. Samajdar(Utrecht University)E. J. Sanchez(California Institute of Technology)J. H. Sanchez(California State University, Fullerton)L. E. Sanchez(California Institute of Technology)N. Sanchis-Gual(University of Lisbon)J. R. Sanders(Marquette University)A. Sanuy(Universitat de Barcelona)T. R. Saravanan(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)N. Sarin(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)B. Sassolas(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)H. Satari(The University of Western Australia)S. Sato(Hosei University)Takashi Satō(Niigata University)O. Sauter(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)R. L. SavageV. Savant(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)T. Sawada(Osaka City University)D. Sawant(Indian Institute of Technology Bombay)H. L. Sawant(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)S. Sayah(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)D. Schaetzl(California Institute of Technology)S. Sayah(California Institute of Technology)J. Scheuer(Northwestern University)A. Schindler-Tyka(University of Florida)P. Schmidt(University of Birmingham)R. Schnabel(Universität Hamburg)M. Schneewind(Leibniz University Hannover)R. M. S. Schofield(University of Oregon)A. Schönbeck(Universität Hamburg)B. W. Schulte(Leibniz University Hannover)B. F. Schutz(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)E. Schwartz(Cardiff University)J. Scott(University of Glasgow)S. M. Scott(Australian National University)M. Seglar-Arroyo(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)E. Seidel(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)S. Tairafune(The University of Tokyo)Y. Sekiguchi(Toho University)D. Sellers(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)A. S. Sengupta(Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar)N. Sennett(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)D. Sentenac(European Gravitational Observatory)E. G. Seo(Chinese University of Hong Kong)V. Sequino(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli)A. Sergeev(Institute of Applied Physics)Y. Setyawati(Leibniz University Hannover)T. ShafferM. S. Shahriar(Northwestern University)B. Shams(University of Utah)Lijing Shao(Peking University)Safura Sharifi(Louisiana State University)U. S. Shah(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)Priyanka Sharma(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)P. Shawhan(University of Maryland, College Park)N. S. Shcheblanov(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)H. Shen(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)S. Shibagaki(Fukuoka University)M. Shikauchi(The University of Tokyo)R. Shimizu(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan)T. Shimoda(The University of Tokyo)K. Shimode(The University of Tokyo)R. Shink(Polytechnique Montréal)H. Shinkai(Osaka Institute of Technology)T. Shishido(The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI)A. Shoda(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan)D. H. Shoemaker(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)D. M. Shoemaker(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)Khemraj Shukla(University of California System)S. ShyamSundar(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)M. Sieniawska(Astronomical Observatory)D. SiggL. P. Singer(Goddard Space Flight Center)D. Singh(Pennsylvania State University)N. Singh(Astronomical Observatory)N. Singh(Maastricht University)A. M. Sintes(Fundació Universitat-Empresa de les Illes Balears)V. Sipala(University of Sassari)V. Skliris(Cardiff University)B. J. J. Slagmolen(Australian National University)T. J. Slaven-Blair(The University of Western Australia)J. Smetana(University of Birmingham)J. R. Smith(California State University, Fullerton)R. J. E. Smith(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)S. Somala(Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad)K. Somiya(Tokyo Institute of Technology)E. J. Son(National Institute for Mathematical Sciences)K. Soni(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)K. Soni(Louisiana State University)B. Sorazu(University of Glasgow)V. Sordini(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)F. Sorrentino(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova)N. Sorrentino(University of Pisa)H. Sotani(RIKEN)R. Soulard(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)T. Souradeep(Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune)E. Sowell(Texas Tech University)V. Spagnuolo(Maastricht University)A. P. Spencer(University of Glasgow)M. Spera(University of Padua)A. K. Srivastava(Institute for Plasma Research)Varun Srivastava(Syracuse University)K. Staats(Northwestern University)C. Stachie(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)D. A. Steer(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)J. Steinlechner(Maastricht University)S. Steinlechner(Maastricht University)D. J. Stops(University of Birmingham)M. Stover(Kenyon College)K. A. Strain(University of Glasgow)L. C. Strang(The University of Melbourne)G. Stratta(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze)A. StrunkR. Sturani(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte)A. L. Stuver(Villanova University)J. Südbeck(Universität Hamburg)S. Sudhagar(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)V. Sudhir(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)R. Sugimoto(The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI)H. G. Suh(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)T. Z. Summerscales(Andrews University)H. Sun(The University of Western Australia)L. Sun(Australian National University)L. Sun(Institute for Plasma Research)A. Sur(Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center)J. Suresh(Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe)P. J. Sutton(Cardiff University)Takamasa Suzuki(Niigata University)T. Suzuki(Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe)B. L. Swinkels(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)M. J. Szczepańczyk(University of Florida)P. Szewczyk(Astronomical Observatory)M. Tacca(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)H. Tagoshi(Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe)S. C. Tait(University of Glasgow)H. Takahashi(Nagaoka University)R. Takahashi(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan)Akiteru Takamori(The University of Tokyo)S. Takano(The University of Tokyo)H. Takeda(The University of Tokyo)M. Takeda(Osaka City University)C. Talbot(California Institute of Technology)H. A. Tanaka(The University of Tokyo)Kazuyuki Tanaka(Osaka City University)Kenta Tanaka(Osaka City University)Taiki Tanaka(Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe)Takahiro Tanaka(Kyoto University)A. J. Tanasijczuk(UCLouvain)S. Tanioka(The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI)D. B. Tanner(University of Florida)D. Tao(California Institute of Technology)A. Tapia(California State University, Fullerton)E. N. Tapia San Martin(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)E. N. Tapia San Martín(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)J. D. Tasson(Carleton College)S. Telada(National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology)R. Tenorio(Fundació Universitat-Empresa de les Illes Balears)L. Terkowski(Universität Hamburg)M. Test(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)M. P. Thirugnanasambandam(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)M. Thomas(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)P. ThomasJ. E. Thompson(Cardiff University)S. R. Thondapu(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)K. A. Thorne(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)E. Thrane(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)Shubhanshu Tiwari(Tata Institute of Fundamental Research)Srishti Tiwari(Tata Institute of Fundamental Research)V. Tiwari(Cardiff University)K. Toland(University of Glasgow)M. Toffano(University of Portsmouth)T. Tomaru(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan)Y. Tomigami(Osaka City University)T. Tomura(The University of Tokyo)M. Tonelli(University of Pisa)A. Torres-Forné(Universitat de València)C. I. Torrie(California Institute of Technology)I. Tosta e Melo(University of Sassari)D. Töyrä(Australian National University)A. Trapananti(Università di Camerino)F. Travasso(Università di Camerino)G. Traylor(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)M. C. Tringali(European Gravitational Observatory)A. Tripathee(University of Michigan)Luigi Troiano(University of Salerno)A. Trovato(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)L. Trozzo(The University of Tokyo)R. J. Trudeau(California Institute of Technology)D. Tsai(National Tsing Hua University)D. Tsai(National Tsing Hua University)K. W. Tsang(University of Groningen)T. Tsang(Chinese University of Hong Kong)J-S. Tsao(National Taiwan Normal University)M. Tse(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)R. Tso(California Institute of Technology)K. Tsubono(The University of Tokyo)S. Tsuchida(Osaka City University)R. J. Trudeau(The University of Tokyo)D. Tsuna(The University of Tokyo)T. Tsutsui(The University of Tokyo)T. Tsuzuki(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan)M. Turconi(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)D. Tuyenbayev(Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica)A. S. Ubhi(University of Birmingham)N. Uchikata(Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe)T. Uchiyama(The University of Tokyo)R. P. Udall(California Institute of Technology)A. Ueda(High Energy Accelerator Research Organization)T. Uehara(University of Florida)K. Ueno(The University of Tokyo)G. Ueshima(Nagaoka University)D. Ugolini(Trinity University)C. S. Unnikrishnan(Tata Institute of Fundamental Research)F. Uraguchi(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan)A. L. Urban(Louisiana State University)T. Ushiba(Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe)S. A. Usman(University of Chicago)A. Utina(Maastricht University)H. Vahlbruch(Leibniz University Hannover)G. Vajente(California Institute of Technology)A. Vajpeyi(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)G. Valdes(Louisiana State University)M. Valentini(University of Trento)V. Valsan(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)N. van Bakel(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)M. van Beuzekom(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)J. F. J. van den Brand(Maastricht University)Marc van der Sluys(Utrecht University)N. Van Remortel(University of Antwerp)D. C. Vander-Hyde(Syracuse University)L. van der Schaaf(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)J. V. van Heijningen(The University of Western Australia)Maurice H. P. M. van Putten(Sejong University)M. Vardaro(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)J. Vanosky(The University of Melbourne)V. Varma(California Institute of Technology)M. Vasúth(HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics)A. Vecchio(University of Birmingham)G. Vedovato(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova)J. Veitch(University of Glasgow)J. Veitch(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery)K. Venkateswara(University of Washington)J. Venneberg(Leibniz University Hannover)G. Venugopalan(California Institute of Technology)D. Verkindt(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)Y. Verma(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)Doğa Veske(Columbia University)F. Vetrano(University of Urbino)A. Viceré(University of Urbino)A. D. Viets(Concordia University Wisconsin)V. Villa-Ortega(Universidade de Santiago de Compostela)J.-Y. Vinet(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)S. Vitale(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)T. Vo(Syracuse University)H. Vocca(University of Perugia)E. R. G. von ReisJ. von Wrangel(Leibniz University Hannover)C. VorvickS. P. Vyatchanin(Lomonosov Moscow State University)L. E. Wade(Kenyon College)M. Wade(Kenyon College)K. J. Wagner(Rochester Institute of Technology)R. C. Walet(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)M. Walker(Christopher Newport University)G. S. Wallace(University of Strathclyde)L. Wallace(California Institute of Technology)S. Walsh(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)J. Wang(Chinese Academy of Sciences)J. Z. Wang(Chinese Academy of Sciences)W. H. Wang(The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley)R. L. Ward(Australian National University)J. WarnerM. Wąs(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)T. Washimi(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan)N. Y. Washington(California Institute of Technology)J. Watchi(Université Libre de Bruxelles)B. WeaverL.‐W. Wei(Leibniz University Hannover)M. Weinert(Leibniz University Hannover)A. J. Weinstein(California Institute of Technology)R. Weiss(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)C. M. Weller(University of Washington)F. Wellmann(Leibniz University Hannover)L. Wen(The University of Western Australia)P. Weßels(Leibniz University Hannover)J. W. Westhouse(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)K. Wette(Australian National University)J. T. Whelan(Rochester Institute of Technology)D. D. White(California State University, Fullerton)B. F. Whiting(University of Florida)C. Whittle(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)Dennis Wilken(Leibniz University Hannover)D. R. Williams(University of Glasgow)M. J. Williams(University of Glasgow)A. R. Williamson(University of Portsmouth)J. L. Willis(California Institute of Technology)B. Willke(Leibniz University Hannover)D. J. Wilson(University of Arizona)W. Winkler(Leibniz University Hannover)C. C. Wipf(California Institute of Technology)T. Wlodarczyk(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)G. Woan(University of Glasgow)J. Woehler(Leibniz University Hannover)J. K. Wofford(Rochester Institute of Technology)Ian Wong(Chinese University of Hong Kong)Chien-Ming Wu(National Tsing Hua University)D. S. Wu(Leibniz University Hannover)Hao‐Yi Wu(National Tsing Hua University)S. Wu(National Tsing Hua University)D. M. Wysocki(Rochester Institute of Technology)S. Xiao(California Institute of Technology)W-R. Xu(National Taiwan Normal University)Tomohiro Yamada(The University of Tokyo)H. Yamamoto(California Institute of Technology)K. Yamamoto(University of Toyama)Kohei Yamamoto(University of Toyama)T. Yamamoto(The University of Tokyo)K. Yamashita(University of Toyama)R. Yamazaki(Aoyama Gakuin University)F. W. Yang(University of Utah)L. Yang(Colorado State University)Yang Yang(National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University)Yi Yang(National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University)Z. Yang(University of Minnesota)M. J. Yap(Australian National University)D. W. Yeeles(Cardiff University)A. B. Yelikar(Rochester Institute of Technology)M. Ying(National Tsing Hua University)K. Yokogawa(University of Toyama)Jun’ichi Yokoyama(The University of Tokyo)T. Yokozawa(The University of Tokyo)A. S. Yoon(Christopher Newport University)T. Yoshioka(University of Toyama)Hang Yu(California Institute of Technology)Haocun Yu(California Institute of Technology)H. Yuzurihara(Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe)A. Zadrożny(National Centre for Nuclear Research)M. Zanolin(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)S. Zeidler(Rikkyo University)T. Zelenova(European Gravitational Observatory)J.-P. Zendri(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova)M. Zevin(Northwestern University)M. Zhan(Chinese Academy of Sciences)H. Zhang(National Taiwan Normal University)J. Zhang(The University of Western Australia)L. Zhang(California Institute of Technology)R. Zhang(University of Florida)T. Zhang(University of Birmingham)C. Zhao(The University of Western Australia)Gong‐Bo Zhao(Université Libre de Bruxelles)Yue Zhao(University of Utah)Yang Zhao(University of Utah)Z. Zhou(Northwestern University)X. J. Zhu(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)Zong‐Hong Zhu(Beijing Normal University)M. E. Zucker(California Institute of Technology)J. Zweizig(California Institute of Technology)

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Abstract

We report results of a search for an isotropic gravitational-wave background (GWB) using data from Advanced LIGO's and Advanced Virgo's third observing run (O3) combined with upper limits from the earlier O1 and O2 runs. Unlike in previous observing runs in the advanced detector era, we include Virgo in the search for the GWB. The results of the search are consistent with uncorrelated noise, and therefore we place upper limits on the strength of the GWB. We find that the dimensionless energy density GW 5.8 10 -9 at the 95% credible level for a flat (frequency-independent) GWB, using a prior which is uniform in the log of the strength of the GWB, with 99% of the sensitivity coming from the band 20-76.6 Hz; GW f 3.4 10 -9 at 25 Hz for a power-law GWB with a spectral index of 2=3 (consistent with expectations for compact binary coalescences), in the band 20-90.6 Hz; and GW f 3.9 10 -10 at 25 Hz for a spectral index of 3, in the band 20-291.6 Hz. These upper limits improve over our previous results by a factor of 6.0 for a flat GWB, 8.8 for a spectral index of 2=3, and 13.1 for a spectral index of 3. We also search for a GWB arising from scalar and vector modes, which are predicted by alternative theories of gravity; we do not find evidence of these, and place upper limits on the strength of GWBs with these polarizations. We demonstrate that there is no evidence of correlated noise of magnetic origin by performing a Bayesian analysis that allows for the presence of both a GWB and an effective magnetic background arising from geophysical Schumann resonances. We compare our upper limits to a fiducial model for the GWB from the merger of compact binaries, updating the model to use the most recent datadriven population inference from the systems detected during O3a. Finally, we combine our results with observations of individual mergers and show that, at design sensitivity, this joint approach may yield stronger constraints on the merger rate of binary black holes at z 2 than can be achieved with individually resolved mergers alone.

Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research Cosmology and Gravitation Theories Astrophysical Phenomena and ObservationsPhysicsLIGOGravitational waveDimensionless quantityIsotropyOmegaUpper and lower boundsAstrophysicsComputational physicsOptics

Funding

National Science Foundation
U.S. Department of Energy
Kavli Foundation
Centres de Recerca de Catalunya
Institut des Origines de Lyon
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Leverhulme Trust
Royal Society
Scottish Funding Council
Scottish Universities Physics Alliance
European Commission
National Research Foundation
Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India
Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
Netherlands Organization for International Cooperation in Higher Education
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Academia Sinica
Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej
Russian Foundation for Basic Research
Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS
Generalitat de Catalunya
Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China
Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee
Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
Generalitat Valenciana
Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação
Hungarian Scientific Research Fund
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information
National Research Foundation of Korea
Conseil Régional, Île-de-France
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Narodowe Centrum Nauki
Ministry of Education, India
University of Tokyo
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Cancéropôle Ile de France
Russian Science Foundation
Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal
Vlaamse regering
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research
Govern de les Illes Balears
National Research Council Canada
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
Science and Technology Facilities Council
Australian Research Council
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Science and Engineering Research Board
Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
European Regional Development Fund
Agencia Estatal de Investigación
Conselleria d'Educació, Investigació, Cultura i Esport
Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo
Conselleria de Innovación, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital, Generalitat Valenciana
National Research, Development and Innovation Office
Great Southern Development Commission, Government of Western Australia
Division of Human Resource Development