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Tests of general relativity with binary black holes from the second LIGO-Virgo gravitational-wave transient catalog

Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · 2021 · Vol. 103(12)

R. Abbott✉(California Institute of Technology)T. D. Abbott(Louisiana State University)S. Abraham(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)F. Acernese(University of Salerno)K. Ackley(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)A. Adams(Christopher Newport University)C. Adams(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)R. X. Adhikari(California Institute of Technology)V. B. Adya(Australian National University)C. Affeldt(Leibniz University Hannover)M. Agathos(University of Cambridge)K. Agatsuma(University of Birmingham)N. Aggarwal(Northwestern University)O. D. Aguiar(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais)L. Aiello(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)A. Ain(University of Pisa)P. Ajith(Tata Institute of Fundamental Research)S. Akcay(Friedrich Schiller University Jena)G. Allen(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)A. Allocca(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa)P. A. Altin(Australian National University)A. Amato(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)Shreya Anand(California Institute of Technology)A. Ananyeva(California Institute of Technology)S. B. Anderson(California Institute of Technology)W. G. Anderson(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)S. V. Angelova(University of Strathclyde)S. Ansoldi(University of Udine)J. M. Antelis(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)S. Antier(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)S. Appert(California Institute of Technology)K. Arai(California Institute of Technology)M. Araya(California Institute of Technology)J. S. Areeda(California State University, Fullerton)M. Arène(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)N. Arnaud(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)S. M. Scott(University of Florida)K. G. Arun(Chennai Mathematical Institute)Y. Asali(Columbia University)S. Ascenzi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata)G. Ashton(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)S. M. Aston(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)P. Astone(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)F. Aubin(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)P. Aufmuth(Leibniz University Hannover)K. AultONeal(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)Corey Austin(Louisiana State University)V. Avendano(Montclair State University)S. Babak(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)F. Badaracco(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)M. K. M. Bader(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)S. Bae(Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information)A. M. Baer(Christopher Newport University)S. Bagnasco(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino)J. Baird(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)M. Ball(University of Oregon)G. Ballardin(European Gravitational Observatory)S. W. Ballmer(Syracuse University)A. Bals(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)A. Balsamo(Christopher Newport University)G. Baltus(University of Liège)S. Banagiri(University of Minnesota)D. Bankar(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)R. S. Bankar(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)J. C. Barayoga(California Institute of Technology)C. Barbieri(Brera Astronomical Observatory)B. C. Barish(California Institute of Technology)D. BarkerP. Barneo(Universitat de Barcelona)S. Barnum(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)F. Barone(University of Salerno)B. Barr(University of Glasgow)L. Barsotti(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)M. Barsuglia(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)D. Barta(HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics)J. BartlettI. Bartos(University of Florida)R. Bassiri(Stanford University)A. Basti(University of Pisa)M. Bawaj(University of Perugia)J. C. Bayley(University of Glasgow)M. Bazzan(University of Padua)B. R. Becher(Bard College)B. Bécsy(Montana State University)V.M Bedakihale(Institute for Plasma Research)M. Bejger(Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center)I. Belahcene(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)D. Beniwal(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery)M. G. Benjamin(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)Robert Benkel(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)T. F. Bennett(California State University System)J. D. Bentley(University of Birmingham)F. Bergamin(Leibniz University Hannover)B. K. Berger(Stanford University)G. Bergmann(Leibniz University Hannover)S. Bernuzzi(Friedrich Schiller University Jena)C. P. L. Berry(Northwestern University)D. Bersanetti(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova)A. Bertolini(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)J. Betzwieser(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)R. Bhandare(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)A. V. Bhandari(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)D. Bhattacharjee(Missouri University of Science and Technology)J. Bidler(California State University, Fullerton)I. A. Bilenko(Lomonosov Moscow State University)G. Billingsley(California Institute of Technology)R. Birney(University of the West of Scotland)O. Birnholtz(Bar-Ilan University)S. Biscans(California Institute of Technology)M. Bischi(University of Urbino)S. Biscoveanu(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)A. Bisht(Leibniz University Hannover)M. Bitossi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa)M. A. Bizouard(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)J. K. Blackburn(California Institute of Technology)J. Blackman(California Institute of Technology)C. D. Blair(The University of Western Australia)D. G. Blair(The University of Western Australia)R. M. BlairO. Blanch(Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats)F. Bobba(University of Salerno)N. Bode(Leibniz University Hannover)M. Boër(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)Y. Boetzel(University of Zurich)G. Bogaert(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)M. Boldrini(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)F. Bondu(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)E. Bonilla(Stanford University)R. Bonnand(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)P. Booker(Leibniz University Hannover)B. A. Boom(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)Ssohrab Borhanian(Pennsylvania State University)R. Bork(California Institute of Technology)V. Boschi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa)N. Bose(Indian Institute of Technology Bombay)S. Bose(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)V. Bossilkov(The University of Western Australia)V. Boudart(University of Liège)Y. Bouffanais(University of Padua)A. Bozzi(European Gravitational Observatory)C. Bradaschia(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa)P. R. Brady(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)A. Bramley(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)M. Branchesi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)J. E. Brau(University of Oregon)M. Breschi(Friedrich Schiller University Jena)T. Briant(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)J. H. Briggs(University of Glasgow)F. Brighenti(University of Urbino)A. Brillet(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)M. Brinkmann(Leibniz University Hannover)Richard Brito(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)P. Brockill(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)A. F. Brooks(California Institute of Technology)J. Brooks(European Gravitational Observatory)D. D. Brown(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery)S. Brunett(California Institute of Technology)G. Bruno(UCLouvain)R. Bruntz(Christopher Newport University)A. Buikema(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)T. Bulik(Astronomical Observatory)H. J. Bulten(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)A. Buonanno(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)D. Buskulic(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)R. L. Byer(Stanford University)M. Cabero(Leibniz University Hannover)L. Cadonati(Georgia Institute of Technology)Matthew Caesar(Villanova University)G. Cagnoli(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)C. Cahillane(California Institute of Technology)J. Calderón Bustillo(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)J. D. Callaghan(University of Glasgow)T. A. Callister(Flatiron Health (United States))E. Calloni(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli)J. B. Camp(Goddard Space Flight Center)M. Canepa(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova)K. C. Cannon(The University of Tokyo)H. Cao(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery)J. Cao(Tsinghua University)G. Carapella(University of Salerno)F. Carbognani(European Gravitational Observatory)M. F. Carney(Northwestern University)M. Carpinelli(University of Sassari)G. Carullo(University of Pisa)T. L. Carver(Cardiff University)J. Casanueva Diaz(European Gravitational Observatory)C. Casentini(University of Rome Tor Vergata)S. Caudill(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)M. Cavaglià(Missouri University of Science and Technology)F. Cavalier(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)R. Cavalieri(European Gravitational Observatory)G. Cella(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa)P. Cerdá–Durán(Universitat de València)E. Cesarini(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata)W. Chaibi(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)K. Chakravarti(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)C. Chan(Chinese University of Hong Kong)C. Chan(Chinese University of Hong Kong)K. Chandra(Indian Institute of Technology Bombay)P. Chanial(European Gravitational Observatory)S. Chao(National Tsing Hua University)P. Charlton(Charles Sturt University)E. A. Chase(Northwestern University)E. Chassande‐Mottin(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)Deep Chatterjee(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)M. Chaturvedi(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)K. Chatziioannou(Flatiron Health (United States))A. Chen(Chinese University of Hong Kong)H. Y. Chen(University of Chicago)X. Chen(The University of Western Australia)Yu‐Hung Chen(California Institute of Technology)Hai‐Ping Cheng(University of Florida)C. K. Cheong(Chinese University of Hong Kong)H. Y. Chia(University of Florida)F. Chiadini(University of Salerno)R. Chierici(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)A. Chincarini(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova)A. Chiummo(European Gravitational Observatory)G. Cho(Seoul National University)H. S. Cho(Pusan National University)M. Cho(University of Maryland, College Park)S. Choate(Villanova University)N. Christensen(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)Q. Chu(The University of Western Australia)S. Chua(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)K. W. Chung(University of London)S. Chung(The University of Western Australia)G. Ciani(University of Padua)P. Ciecielag(Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center)M. Cieślar(Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center)M. Cifaldi(University of Rome Tor Vergata)A. A. Ciobanu(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery)R. Ciolfi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova)F. Cipriano(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)A. Cirone(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova)M. CieślarE. N. Clark(University of Arizona)J. A. Clark(Georgia Institute of Technology)L. Clarke(Rutherford Appleton Laboratory)P. Clearwater(The University of Melbourne)Sébastien Clesse(UCLouvain)F. Cleva(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)E. Coccia(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)P.‐F. Cohadon(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)Daniel E. Cohen(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)Sean D. Colloms(Fundació Universitat-Empresa de les Illes Balears)C. G. Collette(Université Libre de Bruxelles)C. Collins(University of Birmingham)M. Colpi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano Bicocca)M. Constancio(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais)L. Conti(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova)S. J. Cooper(University of Birmingham)P. Corban(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)T. R. Corbitt(Louisiana State University)I. Cordero-Carrión(Universitat de València)S. Corezzi(University of Perugia)K. R. Corley(Columbia University)N. Cornish(Montana State University)D. Corre(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)A. Corsi(Texas Tech University)S. Cortese(European Gravitational Observatory)C. A. Costa(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais)R. Cotesta(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)M. W. Coughlin(California Institute of Technology)S. B. Coughlin(Northwestern University)J.-P. Coulon(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)S. T. Countryman(Columbia University)P Couvares(California Institute of Technology)P. B. Covas(Fundació Universitat-Empresa de les Illes Balears)D. M. Coward(The University of Western Australia)M. J. Cowart(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)D. C. Coyne(California Institute of Technology)R. Coyne(University of Rhode Island)J. D. E. Creighton(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)T. D. Creighton(The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley)M. Croquette(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)S. G. Crowder(Bellevue College)J. R. Cudell(University of Liège)T. J. Cullen(Louisiana State University)A. Cumming(University of Glasgow)R. Cummings(University of Glasgow)Liam Cunningham(University of Glasgow)E. Cuoco(Scuola Normale Superiore)M. Curyło(Astronomical Observatory)T. Dal Canton(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)G. Dálya(Eötvös Loránd University)A. Dana(Stanford University)L. M. DaneshgaranBajastani(California State University System)B. D’Angelo(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova)S. L. Danilishin(Maastricht University)S. D’Antonio(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata)K. Danzmann(Leibniz University Hannover)C. Darsow-Fromm(Universität Hamburg)A. Dasgupta(Institute for Plasma Research)L. E. H. Datrier(University of Glasgow)V. Dattilo(European Gravitational Observatory)I. Dave(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)M. Davier(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)G. S. Davies(Universidade de Santiago de Compostela)Philip Davis(California Institute of Technology)E. J. Daw(University of Sheffield)Robert Dean(Villanova University)D. DeBra(Stanford University)M. Deenadayalan(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)J. Degallaix(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)Mariafelicia De Laurentis(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli)W. Del Pozzo(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)V. Del Favero(Rochester Institute of Technology)F. De Lillo(UCLouvain)N. De Lillo(University of Glasgow)W. Del Pozzo(University of Pisa)L. M. DeMarchi(Northwestern University)F. De Matteis(University of Rome Tor Vergata)V. D’Emilio(Cardiff University)N. Demos(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)T. Denker(Leibniz University Hannover)T. Dent(Universidade de Santiago de Compostela)A. Depasse(UCLouvain)R. De Pietri(University of Parma)R. De Rosa(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli)C. De Rossi(European Gravitational Observatory)R. DeSalvo(University of Sannio)R. DeSalvo(Leibniz University Hannover)A. Dhani(Pennsylvania State University)S. Dhurandhar(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)M. C. Díaz(The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley)M. Diaz-Ortiz(University of Florida)N. A. Didio(Syracuse University)T. Dietrich(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)L. Di Fiore(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli)C. DiFronzo(University of Birmingham)C. Di Giorgio(University of Salerno)F. Di Giovanni(Universitat de València)M. Di Giovanni(University of Trento)T. Di Girolamo(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli)A. Di Lieto(University of Pisa)B. Ding(Université Libre de Bruxelles)S. Di Pace(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)I. Di Palma(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)F. Di Renzo(University of Pisa)A. K. Divakarla(University of Florida)A. Dmitriev(University of Birmingham)Z. Doctor(University of Oregon)L. D’Onofrio(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli)F. Donovan(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)K. L. Dooley(Cardiff University)S. Doravari(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)I. Dorrington(Cardiff University)T. P. Downes(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)M. Drago(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)Jennifer C DriggersZhihui Du(Tsinghua University)J.-G. Ducoin(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)Reetika Dudi(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)P. Dupej(University of Glasgow)O. Durante(University of Salerno)D. D’Urso(University of Sassari)T. Eberl(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)S. E. DwyerP. J. Easter(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)G. Eddolls(University of Glasgow)B. Edelman(University of Oregon)T. B. Edo(University of Sheffield)O. Edy(University of Portsmouth)A. Effler(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)J. Eichholz(Australian National University)S. S. Eikenberry(University of Florida)M. Eisenmann(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)R. A. Eisenstein(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)A. Ejlli(Cardiff University)L. Errico(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli)R. C. Essick(University of Chicago)H. Estellés(Fundació Universitat-Empresa de les Illes Balears)D. Estevez(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)Z. B. Etienne(West Virginia University)T. Etzel(California Institute of Technology)M. Evans(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)T. Evans(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)B. E. Ewing(Pennsylvania State University)V. Fafone(University of Rome Tor Vergata)H. Fair(Syracuse University)S. Fairhurst(Cardiff University)Xiaohui Fan(Tsinghua University)A. M. Farah(University of Chicago)S. Farinon(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova)B. Farr(University of Oregon)W. M. Farr(Flatiron Health (United States))E. J. Fauchon-Jones(Cardiff University)M. Favata(Montclair State University)M. Fays(University of Liège)Mariana Fazio(Colorado State University)J. Feicht(California Institute of Technology)M. M. Fejer(Stanford University)F. Feng(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)E. Fenyvesi(HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research)D. L. Ferguson(Georgia Institute of Technology)A. Fernandez-Galiana(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)I. Ferrante(University of Pisa)T. A. Ferreira(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais)F. Fidecaro(University of Pisa)P. Figura(Astronomical Observatory)I. Fiori(European Gravitational Observatory)D. Fiorucci(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)M. Fishbach(University of Chicago)R. P. Fisher(Christopher Newport University)J. M. Fishner(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)R. Fittipaldi(University of Salerno)M. Fitz-Axen(University of Minnesota)V. Fiumara(University of Basilicata)R. Flaminio(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)E. Floden(University of Minnesota)E. Flynn(California State University, Fullerton)H. Fong(The University of Tokyo)José A. Font(Universitat de València)P. W. F. Forsyth(Australian National University)J.‐D. Fournier(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)S. Frasca(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)F. Frasconi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa)Z. Frei(Eötvös Loránd University)A. Freise(University of Birmingham)R. Frey(University of Oregon)R. Frey(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)P. Fritschel(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)V. V. Frolov(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)G. G. Fronzé(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino)P. Fulda(University of Florida)M. Fyffe(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)H. A. Gabbard(University of Glasgow)B. U. Gadre(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)S. M. Gaebel(University of Birmingham)J. R. Gair(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)J. Gais(Chinese University of Hong Kong)S. Galaudage(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)Rossella Gamba(Friedrich Schiller University Jena)D. Ganapathy(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)A. Ganguly(Tata Institute of Fundamental Research)S. G. Gaonkar(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)B. Garaventa(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova)C. García-Quirós(Fundació Universitat-Empresa de les Illes Balears)F. Garufi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli)B. GateleyS. Gaudio(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)V. Gayathri(University of Florida)G. Gemme(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova)A. Gennai(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa)Daniel George(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)J. George(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)J. George(The University of Texas at Austin)L. Gergely(University of Szeged)S. Ghonge(Georgia Institute of Technology)Abhirup Ghosh(Leiden University)Archisman Ghosh(Leiden University)S. Ghosh(Montclair State University)B. Giacomazzo(Brera Astronomical Observatory)L. Giacoppo(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)J. A. Giaime(Louisiana State University)K. D. Giardina(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)Des Gibson(University of the West of Scotland)C. Gier(University of Strathclyde)K. Gill(Columbia University)P. Giri(University of Pisa)J. Glanzer(Louisiana State University)A. E. Gleckl(California State University, Fullerton)P. Godwin(Pennsylvania State University)E. Goetz(University of British Columbia)R. Goetz(University of Florida)N. Gohlke(Leibniz University Hannover)B. Goncharov(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)G. González(Louisiana State University)A. Gopakumar(Tata Institute of Fundamental Research)S. E. Gossan(California Institute of Technology)M. Gosselin(University of Pisa)R. Gouaty(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)B. Grace(Australian National University)A. Grado(Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte)M. Granata(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)V. Granata(University of Salerno)A. Grant(University of Glasgow)S. Gras(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)P. Grassia(California Institute of Technology)R. GrayR. Gray(University of Glasgow)G. Greco(University of Urbino)A. C. Green(University of Florida)R. Green(Cardiff University)E. M. Gretarsson(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)H. L. Griggs(Georgia Institute of Technology)G. Grignani(University of Perugia)A. Grimaldi(University of Trento)E. Grimes(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)S. J. Grimm(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)H. Grote(Cardiff University)S. Grunewald(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)P. Gruning(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)J. G. Guerrero(California State University, Fullerton)G. M. Guidi(University of Urbino)A. R. Guimaraes(Louisiana State University)G. Guixé(Universitat de Barcelona)H. K. Gulati(Institute for Plasma Research)Y. Guo(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)Anchal Gupta(California Institute of Technology)Anuradha Gupta(California Institute of Technology)P. Gupta(Utrecht University)E. K. Gustafson(California Institute of Technology)R. Gustafson(University of Michigan)Felipe Guzmán(University of Arizona)L. Haegel(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)O. Halim(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)E. D. Hall(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)E. Z. Hamilton(Cardiff University)G. Hammond(University of Glasgow)M. Haney(University of Zurich)M. M. Hanke(Leibniz University Hannover)J. HanksC. Hanna(Pennsylvania State University)M. D. Hannam(Cardiff University)O. A. Hannuksela(Chinese University of Hong Kong)O. A. Hannuksela(Chinese University of Hong Kong)H. HansenT. J. Hansen(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)J. Hanson(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)T. Harder(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)T. Hardwick(Louisiana State University)K. Haris(Tata Institute of Fundamental Research)J. Harms(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)I. W. Harry(American University)I. W. Harry(University of Portsmouth)D. Hartwig(Universität Hamburg)R. K. Hasskew(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)C.-J. Haster(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)K. Haughian(University of Glasgow)F. J. Hayes(University of Glasgow)J. Healy(Rochester Institute of Technology)A. Heidmann(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)M. C. Heintze(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)J. Heinze(Leibniz University Hannover)J. Heinzel(Carleton College)H. Heitmann(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)F. Hellman(University of California System)P. Hello(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)A. F. Helmling-Cornell(University of Oregon)G. Hemming(European Gravitational Observatory)M. Hendry(University of Glasgow)I. S. Heng(University of Glasgow)E. Hennes(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)J. Hennig(Leibniz University Hannover)M. H. Hennig(Leibniz University Hannover)F Vivanco(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)M. Heurs(Leibniz University Hannover)S. Hild(Maastricht University)P. Hill(University of Strathclyde)A. S. Hines(University of Arizona)S. Hochheim(Leibniz University Hannover)E. Hofgard(Stanford University)D. Hofman(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)J. N. Hohmann(Universität Hamburg)A. M. Holgado(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)N. A. Holland(Australian National University)I. J. Hollows(University of Sheffield)Z. J. Holmes(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery)K. Holt(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)D. E. Holz(University of Chicago)P. Hopkins(Cardiff University)C. Horst(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)J. Hough(University of Glasgow)E. J. Howell(The University of Western Australia)C. G. Hoy(Cardiff University)D. Hoyland(University of Birmingham)Yuping Huang(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)M. T. Hübner(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)A. D. Huddart(Rutherford Appleton Laboratory)E. A. Huerta(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)B. Hughey(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)V. Hui(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)S. Husa(Fundació Universitat-Empresa de les Illes Balears)S. H. Huttner(University of Glasgow)B. M. Hutzler(Louisiana State University)R. Huxford(Pennsylvania State University)T. Huynh-Dinh(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)B. Idźkowski(Astronomical Observatory)A. Iess(University of Rome Tor Vergata)S. Imperato(Northwestern University)H. Inchauspe(University of Florida)C. Ingram(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery)G. Intini(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)M. Isi(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)B. R. Iyer(Tata Institute of Fundamental Research)V. JaberianHamedan(The University of Western Australia)T. Jacqmin(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)S. J. Jadhav(Research & Development Establishment (Engrs.))S. P. Jadhav(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)A. L. James(Cardiff University)K. Jani(Georgia Institute of Technology)K. Janssens(University of Antwerp)N. N. Janthalur(Research & Development Establishment (Engrs.))P. Jaranowski(University of Białystok)D. Jariwala(University of Florida)R. Jaume(Fundació Universitat-Empresa de les Illes Balears)A. C. Jenkins(University of London)M. Jeunon(University of Minnesota)J. Jiang(University of Florida)G. R. Johns(Christopher Newport University)Nathan K. Johnson-McDaniel(University of Cambridge)A. W. Jones(University of Birmingham)D. I. Jones(University of Southampton)J. D. JonesP. Jones(University of Birmingham)R. Jones(University of Glasgow)R. J. G. Jonker(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)L. Ju(The University of Western Australia)J. Junker(Leibniz University Hannover)C. V. Kalaghatgi(Cardiff University)V. Kalogera(Northwestern University)B. Kamai(California Institute of Technology)S. Kandhasamy(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)G. Kang(Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information)J. B. Kanner(California Institute of Technology)S. J. Kapadia(Tata Institute of Fundamental Research)D. P. Kapasi(Australian National University)C. Karathanasis(Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats)S. Karki(Missouri University of Science and Technology)Rahul Kashyap(Pennsylvania State University)M. Kasprzack(California Institute of Technology)W. Kastaun(Leibniz University Hannover)S. Katsanevas(European Gravitational Observatory)E. Katsavounidis(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)W. Katzman(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)K. KawabeF. Kéfélian(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)D. Keitel(Fundació Universitat-Empresa de les Illes Balears)J. S. Key(University of Washington Bothell)S. Khadka(Stanford University)F. Y. Khalili(Lomonosov Moscow State University)I. Khan(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata)S. A. Khan(Cardiff University)Е. А. Хазанов(Institute of Applied Physics)N. Khetan(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)M. Khursheed(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)N. Kijbunchoo(Australian National University)C. Kim(Ewha Womans University)G. J. Kim(Georgia Institute of Technology)J. C. Kim(Inje University)K. Kim(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute)W. S. Kim(National Institute for Mathematical Sciences)Y.-M. Kim(Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology)C. Kimball(Northwestern University)Peter KingM. Kinley-Hanlon(University of Glasgow)R. Kirchhoff(Leibniz University Hannover)J.S KisselL. Kleybolte(Universität Hamburg)S. Klimenko(University of Florida)T. D. Knowles(West Virginia University)E. Knyazev(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)P. Koch(Leibniz University Hannover)S. M. Koehlenbeck(Leibniz University Hannover)G. Koekoek(Maastricht University)S. Koley(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)M. Kolstein(Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats)K. Komori(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)V. Kondrashov(California Institute of Technology)A. Kontos(Bard College)N. Koper(Leibniz University Hannover)M. Korobko(Universität Hamburg)W. Z. Korth(California Institute of Technology)M. Kovalam(The University of Western Australia)D. B. Kozak(California Institute of Technology)C. Krämer(Leibniz University Hannover)V. Kringel(Leibniz University Hannover)N. V. Krishnendu(Leibniz University Hannover)A. Królak(National Centre for Nuclear Research)G. Kuehn(Leibniz University Hannover)P. Kumar(Research & Development Establishment (Engrs.))P. Kumar(Cornell University)Rahul Kumar(Institute for Plasma Research)Rakesh Kumar(Institute for Plasma Research)K. Kuns(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)S. Kwang(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)B. D. Lackey(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)D. Laghi(University of Pisa)E. Lalande(Polytechnique Montréal)T. L. Lam(Chinese University of Hong Kong)A. Lamberts(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)M. LandryB. B. Lane(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)R. N. Lang(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)J. Lange(Rochester Institute of Technology)B. Lantz(Stanford University)R. K. Lanza(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)I. La Rosa(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)A. Lartaux-Vollard(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)P. D. Lasky(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)M. Laxen(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)A. Lazzarini(California Institute of Technology)C. Lazzaro(University of Padua)P. Leaci(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)S. Leavey(Leibniz University Hannover)Y. K. LecoeucheHyung Mok Lee(Inje University)H. W. Lee(Inje University)J. Lee(Seoul National University)H. K. Lee(Stanford University)J. Lehmann(Leibniz University Hannover)E. León(California State University, Fullerton)N. Leroy(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)N. Letendre(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)Y. Levin(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)A. Li(California Institute of Technology)J. Li(Tsinghua University)K. J. L. Li(Chinese University of Hong Kong)T. G. F. Li(Chinese University of Hong Kong)X. Li(California Institute of Technology)F. Linde(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)S. D. Linker(California State University System)J. N. Linley(University of Glasgow)T. B. Littenberg(Marshall Space Flight Center)J. Liu(Leibniz University Hannover)X. Liu(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)M. Llorens-Monteagudo(Universitat de València)R. K. L. Lo(California Institute of Technology)A. Lockwood(University of Washington)L. T. London(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)A. Longo(Roma Tre University)M. Lorenzini(University of Rome Tor Vergata)V. Loriette(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)M. Lormand(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)G. Losurdo(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa)J. D. Lough(Leibniz University Hannover)C. O. Lousto(Rochester Institute of Technology)G. Lovelace(California State University, Fullerton)H. Lück(Leibniz University Hannover)D. Lumaca(University of Rome Tor Vergata)A. P. Lundgren(University of Portsmouth)Y. Ma(California Institute of Technology)R. Macas(Cardiff University)M. MacInnis(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)D. M. Macleod(Cardiff University)I. A. O. MacMillan(California Institute of Technology)A. Macquet(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)I. Magaña Hernandez(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)F. Magaña-Sandoval(University of Florida)C. Magazzù(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa)R. M. Magee(Pennsylvania State University)E. Majorana(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)I. Maksimovic(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)S. Maliakal(California Institute of Technology)A. Malik(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)N. Man(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)V. Mandic(University of Minnesota)V. Mangano(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)G. L. Mansell(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)M. Manske(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)M. Mantovani(European Gravitational Observatory)Michela Mapelli(University of Padua)F. Marchesoni(Università di Camerino)F. Marion(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)S. Márka(Columbia University)Z. Márka(Columbia University)C. Markakis(University of Cambridge)A. S. Markosyan(Stanford University)A. Markowitz(California Institute of Technology)E. Maros(California Institute of Technology)Antonio Marquina(Universitat de València)S. Marsat(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)F. Martelli(University of Urbino)I. W. Martin(University of Glasgow)R. M. Martin(Montclair State University)M. Martı́nez(Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats)V. Martinez(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)Д. В. Мартынов(University of Birmingham)H. Masalehdan(Universität Hamburg)K. Mason(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)E. Massera(University of Sheffield)A. Masserot(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)T. J. Massinger(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)M. Masso-Reid(University of Glasgow)S. Mastrogiovanni(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)A. Matas(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)M. Mateu-Lucena(Fundació Universitat-Empresa de les Illes Balears)F. Matichard(California Institute of Technology)M. Matiushechkina(Leibniz University Hannover)Nergis Mavalvala(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)E. Maynard(Louisiana State University)J. J. McCann(The University of Western Australia)R. McCarthyD. E. McClelland(Australian National University)S. McCormick(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)L. McCuller(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)S. C. McGuire(Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College)C. McIsaac(University of Portsmouth)J. McIver(University of British Columbia)D. J. McManus(Australian National University)T. McRae(Australian National University)S. T. McWilliams(West Virginia University)D. Meacher(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)G. D. Meadors(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)M. Mehmet(Leibniz University Hannover)A. K. Mehta(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)A. Melatos(The University of Melbourne)D. A. Melchor(California State University, Fullerton)G. MendellA. Menendez-Vazquez(Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats)R. A. Mercer(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)L. Mereni(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)K. Merfeld(University of Oregon)E. L. MerilhJ. D. Merritt(University of Oregon)M. Merzougui(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)S. Meshkov(California Institute of Technology)C. Messenger(University of Glasgow)C. Messick(The University of Texas at Austin)R. Metzdorff(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)P. M. Meyers(The University of Melbourne)F. Meylahn(Leibniz University Hannover)A. Mhaske(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)A. Miani(University of Trento)H. Miao(University of Birmingham)I. Michaloliakos(University of Florida)C. Michel(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)H. Middleton(The University of Melbourne)L. Milano(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli)A. L. Miller(University of Florida)M. Millhouse(The University of Melbourne)J. C. Mills(Cardiff University)E. Milotti(University of Trieste)M. C. Milovich-Goff(California State University System)O. Minazzoli(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)Y. Minenkov(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata)Ll. M. Mir(Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats)A. Mishkin(University of Florida)C. Mishra(Indian Institute of Technology Madras)T. Mistry(University of Sheffield)S. Mitra(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)V. P. Mitrofanov(Lomonosov Moscow State University)G. Mitselmakher(University of Florida)R. Mittleman(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)Geoffrey Mo(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)K. Mogushi(Missouri University of Science and Technology)S. R. P. Mohapatra(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)S. R. Mohite(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)I. Molina(California State University, Fullerton)M. Molina-Ruiz(University of California System)M. Mondin(California State University System)M. Montani(University of Urbino)C. J. Moore(University of Birmingham)D. MoraruF. Morawski(Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center)G. MorenoS. Morisaki(The University of Tokyo)F. Muciaccia(Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien)C. M. Mow‐Lowry(University of Birmingham)S. Mozzon(University of Portsmouth)F. Muciaccia(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)Arunava Mukherjee(University of Glasgow)D. Mukherjee(Pennsylvania State University)Soma Mukherjee(The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley)Subroto Mukherjee(The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley)N. Mukund(Leibniz University Hannover)A. Mullavey(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)J. Munch(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery)E. A. Muñiz(Syracuse University)P. G. Murray(University of Glasgow)S. L. Nadji(Leibniz University Hannover)A. Nagar(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino)I. Nardecchia(University of Rome Tor Vergata)L. Naticchioni(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)R. K. Nayak(Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata)B. F. Neil(The University of Western Australia)J. Neilson(University of Sannio)G. Nelemans(Radboud University Nijmegen)T. J. N. Nelson(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)M. Nery(Leibniz University Hannover)A. Neunzert(University of Washington Bothell)K. Y. Ng(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)S. Ng(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery)C. Nguyen(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)P. Nguyen(University of Oregon)T. Nguyen(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)S. A. Nichols(Louisiana State University)S. Nissanke(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)F. Nocera(European Gravitational Observatory)Minkyun Noh(University of British Columbia)C. North(Cardiff University)D. Nothard(Kenyon College)L. K. Nuttall(University of Portsmouth)J. OberlingB. D. O’Brien(University of Florida)J. O’Dell(Rutherford Appleton Laboratory)G. Oganesyan(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)G. H. Ogin(Whitman College)J. J. Oh(National Institute for Mathematical Sciences)S. H. Oh(National Institute for Mathematical Sciences)F. Ohme(Leibniz University Hannover)H. Ohta(The University of Tokyo)M. A. Okada(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais)C. Olivetto(European Gravitational Observatory)P. Oppermann(Leibniz University Hannover)Richard J. Oram(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)B. O’Reilly(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)R. G. Ormiston(University of Minnesota)N. D. Ormsby(Christopher Newport University)L. F. Ortega(University of Florida)R. O’Shaughnessy(Rochester Institute of Technology)S. Ossokine(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)C. Osthelder(California Institute of Technology)D. J. Ottaway(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery)H. Overmier(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)B. J. Owen(Texas Tech University)A. E. Pace(Pennsylvania State University)G. Pagano(University of Pisa)M. A. Page(The University of Western Australia)G. Pagliaroli(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)A. Pai(Indian Institute of Technology Bombay)S. A. Pai(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)J. R. Palamos(University of Oregon)O. Palashov(Institute of Applied Physics)C. Palomba(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)H. Pan(National Tsing Hua University)P. K. Panda(Research & Development Establishment (Engrs.))T. H. Pang(Utrecht University)C. Pankow(Northwestern University)F. Pannarale(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)B. C. Pant(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)F. Paoletti(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa)A. Paoli(European Gravitational Observatory)A. Paolone(Institute for Complex Systems)W. Parker(Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College)D. Pascucci(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)A. Pasqualetti(European Gravitational Observatory)R. Passaquieti(University of Pisa)D. Passuello(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa)M. Patel(Christopher Newport University)B. Patricelli(University of Pisa)E. Payne(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)T. C. Pechsiri(University of Florida)M. Pedraza(California Institute of Technology)M. Pegoraro(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova)A. Pele(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)S. Penn(Hobart and William Smith Colleges)A. Perego(University of Trento)C. J. PerezC. Périgois(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)A. Perreca(University of Trento)S. Perriès(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)J. Petermann(Universität Hamburg)D. Petterson(California Institute of Technology)Harald Pfeiffer(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)K. A. Pham(University of Minnesota)K. S. Phukon(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)O. J. Piccinni(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)M. Pichot(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)M. Piendibene(University of Pisa)F. Piergiovanni(University of Urbino)L. Pierini(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)V. Pierro(University of Sannio)G. Pillant(European Gravitational Observatory)F. Pilo(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa)L. Pinard(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)I. M. Pinto(University of Sannio)K. Piotrzkowski(UCLouvain)M. PirelloM. Pitkin(Lancaster University)E. Placidi(Sapienza University of Rome)W. Plastino(Roma Tre University)C. Pluchar(University of Arizona)R. Poggiani(University of Pisa)E. Polini(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)D. Y. T. Pong(Chinese University of Hong Kong)S. Ponrathnam(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)P. Popolizio(European Gravitational Observatory)E. K. Porter(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)A. Poverman(Bard College)J. Powell(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery)M. Pracchia(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)Ashish Prajapati(Institute for Plasma Research)K. Prasai(Stanford University)R. Prasanna(Research & Development Establishment (Engrs.))G. Pratten(University of Birmingham)T. Prestegard(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)M. Principe(University of Sannio)G. A. Prodi(University of Trento)L. Prokhorov(University of Birmingham)P. Prosposito(University of Rome Tor Vergata)A. Puecher(Utrecht University)M. Punturo(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia)F. Puosi(University of Pisa)P. Puppo(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)M. Pürrer(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)H. Qi(Cardiff University)V. Quetschke(The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley)P. J. Quinonez(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)R. Quitzow-James(Missouri University of Science and Technology)F. J. RaabG. Raaijmakers(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)H. RadkinsN. Radulesco(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)P. Raffai(Eötvös Loránd University)H. Rafferty(Trinity University)S. X. Rail(Polytechnique Montréal)S. Raja(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)C. Rajan(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)I. Rainho(Texas Tech University)M. Rakhmanov(The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley)K. E. Ramirez(The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley)T. D. Ramirez(California State University, Fullerton)A. Ramos-Buades(Fundació Universitat-Empresa de les Illes Balears)J. Rana(Pennsylvania State University)K. Rao(Northwestern University)P. Rapagnani(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)U. D. Rapol(Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune)B. Ratto(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)V. Raymond(Cardiff University)M. Razzano(University of Pisa)J. Read(California State University, Fullerton)T. Régimbau(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)L. Rei(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova)S. Reid(University of Strathclyde)D. H. Reitze(California Institute of Technology)P. Rettegno(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino)F. Ricci(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I)C. J. Richardson(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)J. W. Richardson(California Institute of Technology)L. Richardson(University of Arizona)P. M. Ricker(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)G. Riemenschneider(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino)K. Riles(University of Michigan)M. Rizzo(Northwestern University)N. A. Robertson(California Institute of Technology)F. Robinet(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)A. Rocchi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata)Jefferson Almeida Rocha(California State University, Fullerton)S. Rodriguez(California State University, Fullerton)R. D. Rodriguez-Soto(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)L. Rolland(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)J. G. Rollins(California Institute of Technology)V. J. Roma(University of Oregon)M. Romanelli(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)R. Romano(University of Salerno)C. L. RomelA. Romero(Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats)I. M. Romero-Shaw(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)J. H. Romie(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)S. Ronchini(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)C. A. Rose(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)D. Rose(California State University, Fullerton)K. Rose(Kenyon College)D. Rosińska(Astronomical Observatory)S. G. Rosofsky(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)M. P. Ross(University of Washington)S. Rowan(University of Glasgow)S. J. Rowlinson(University of Birmingham)Soumen Roy(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)Soumen Roy(Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar)P. Ruggi(European Gravitational Observatory)K. RyanS. Sachdev(Pennsylvania State University)T. SadeckiMairi Sakellariadou(University of London)O. S. Salafia(Brera Astronomical Observatory)L. Salconi(European Gravitational Observatory)Sameer Salunkhe(Chennai Mathematical Institute)A. Samajdar(Utrecht University)E. J. Sanchez(California Institute of Technology)J. H. Sanchez(California State University, Fullerton)L. E. Sanchez(California Institute of Technology)N. Sanchis-Gual(University of Lisbon)J. R. Sanders(Marquette University)K. A. Santiago(Montclair State University)Edivaldo Moura Santos(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)T. R. Saravanan(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)N. Sarin(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)B. Sassolas(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)B. S. Sathyaprakash(Pennsylvania State University)O. Sauter(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)R. L. SavageV. Savant(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)D. Sawant(Indian Institute of Technology Bombay)Sihem Sayah(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)D. Schaetzl(California Institute of Technology)P. Schale(University of Oregon)M. Scheel(California Institute of Technology)J. Scheuer(Northwestern University)A. Schindler-Tyka(University of Florida)P. Schmidt(University of Birmingham)R. Schnabel(Universität Hamburg)R. M. S. Schofield(University of Oregon)A. Schönbeck(Universität Hamburg)E. Schreiber(Leibniz University Hannover)B. W. Schulte(Leibniz University Hannover)B. F. Schutz(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)O. Schwarm(Whitman College)E. Schwartz(Cardiff University)J. Scott(University of Glasgow)S. M. Scott(Australian National University)M. Seglar-Arroyo(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)E. Seidel(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)D. Sellers(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)A. S. Sengupta(Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar)N. Sennett(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)D. Sentenac(European Gravitational Observatory)V. Sequino(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli)A. Sergeev(Institute of Applied Physics)Y. Setyawati(Leibniz University Hannover)T. ShafferM. S. Shahriar(Northwestern University)Safura Sharifi(Louisiana State University)A. Sharma(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)P. Sharma(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)P. Shawhan(University of Maryland, College Park)H. Shen(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)M. Shikauchi(The University of Tokyo)R. Shink(Polytechnique Montréal)D. H. Shoemaker(Georgia Institute of Technology)D. M. Shoemaker(Georgia Institute of Technology)K. Shukla(University of California System)S. ShyamSundar(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)M. Sieniawska(Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center)D. SiggL. P. Singer(Goddard Space Flight Center)N. Singh(Pennsylvania State University)N. Singh(Astronomical Observatory)A. Singha(Maastricht University)A. Singhal(Gran Sasso Science Institute)A. M. Sintes(Fundació Universitat-Empresa de les Illes Balears)V. Sipala(University of Sassari)V. Skliris(Cardiff University)B. J. J. Slagmolen(Australian National University)T. J. Slaven-Blair(The University of Western Australia)J. Smetana(University of Birmingham)R. J. E. Smith(California State University, Fullerton)R. J. E. Smith(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)S. N. Somala(Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad)K. Somiya(National Institute for Mathematical Sciences)S. Soni(Louisiana State University)B. Sorazu(University of Glasgow)V. Sordini(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1)N. Sorrentino(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova)N. Sorrentino(University of Pisa)R. Soulard(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)T. Souradeep(Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune)E. Sowell(Texas Tech University)A. P. Spencer(University of Glasgow)M. Spera(Northwestern University)A. K. Srivastava(Institute for Plasma Research)Varun Srivastava(Syracuse University)K. Staats(Northwestern University)C. Stachie(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)D. A. Steer(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)Jan Steinhoff(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)M. Steinke(Leibniz University Hannover)J. Steinlechner(Maastricht University)S. Steinlechner(Maastricht University)D. Steinmeyer(Leibniz University Hannover)G. Stolle-McAllister(Kenyon College)D. J. Stops(University of Birmingham)M. Stover(Kenyon College)K. A. Strain(University of Glasgow)G. Stratta(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze)A. StrunkR. Sturani(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte)A. L. Stuver(Villanova University)J. Südbeck(Universität Hamburg)S. Sudhagar(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)V. Sudhir(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)H. G. Suh(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)T. Z. Summerscales(Andrews University)L. Sun(The University of Western Australia)L. Sun(California Institute of Technology)S. Sunil(Institute for Plasma Research)A. Sur(Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center)J. Suresh(The University of Tokyo)P. J. Sutton(Cardiff University)B. L. Swinkels(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)M. J. Szczepańczyk(University of Florida)M. Tacca(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)S. C. Tait(University of Glasgow)C. Talbot(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)A. J. Tanasijczuk(UCLouvain)D. B. Tanner(University of Florida)D. Tao(California Institute of Technology)A. Tapia(California State University, Fullerton)E. N. Tapia San Martin(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)J. D. Tasson(Carleton College)R. Taylor(California Institute of Technology)R. Tenorio(Fundació Universitat-Empresa de les Illes Balears)L. Terkowski(Universität Hamburg)M. P. Thirugnanasambandam(Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics)L. M. Thomas(University of Birmingham)M. Thomas(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)P. ThomasJ. E. Thompson(Cardiff University)S. R. Thondapu(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)K. A. Thorne(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)E. Thrane(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)Shubhanshu Tiwari(Tata Institute of Fundamental Research)Srishti Tiwari(Tata Institute of Fundamental Research)V. Tiwari(Cardiff University)K. Toland(University of Glasgow)A. E. Tolley(University of Portsmouth)M. Tonelli(University of Pisa)Z. Tornasi(University of Glasgow)A. Torres-Forné(Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics)C. I. Torrie(California Institute of Technology)I. Tosta e Melo(University of Sassari)D. Töyrä(Australian National University)Anh Thi Tran(Bellevue College)A. Trapananti(Università di Camerino)F. Travasso(Università di Camerino)G. Traylor(LIGO Scientific Collaboration)M. C. Tringali(Astronomical Observatory)A. Tripathee(University of Michigan)A. Trovato(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)R. J. Trudeau(California Institute of Technology)D. S. Tsai(National Tsing Hua University)K. W. Tsang(University of Groningen)M. Tse(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)R. Tso(California Institute of Technology)R. J. Trudeau(The University of Tokyo)D. Tsuna(The University of Tokyo)T. Tsutsui(The University of Tokyo)M. Turconi(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)A. S. Ubhi(University of Birmingham)R. P. Udall(Georgia Institute of Technology)K. Ueno(The University of Tokyo)D. Ugolini(Trinity University)C. S. Unnikrishnan(Tata Institute of Fundamental Research)A. L. Urban(Louisiana State University)S. A. Usman(University of Chicago)A. Utina(Maastricht University)H. Vahlbruch(Leibniz University Hannover)G. Vajente(California Institute of Technology)A. Vajpeyi(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)G. Valdes(Louisiana State University)M. Valentini(University of Trento)V. Valsan(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)J. F. J. van den Brand(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)M. van Beuzekom(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)J. F. J. van den Brand(Maastricht University)J. van Dongen(Utrecht University)D. C. Vander-Hyde(Syracuse University)L. van der Schaaf(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)J. V. van Heijningen(The University of Western Australia)M. Vardaro(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)J. Vanosky(The University of Melbourne)V. Varma(California Institute of Technology)S. Vass(California Institute of Technology)M. Vasúth(HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics)A. Vecchio(University of Birmingham)G. Vedovato(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova)J. Veitch(University of Glasgow)P. J. Veitch(ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery)Krishna Venkateswara(University of Washington)J. Venneberg(Leibniz University Hannover)G. Venugopalan(California Institute of Technology)D. Verkindt(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)Y. Verma(Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology)D. Veske(Columbia University)F. Vetrano(University of Urbino)A. Viceré(University of Urbino)A. D. Viets(Concordia University Wisconsin)A. Vijaykumar(Tata Institute of Fundamental Research)V. Villa-Ortega(Universidade de Santiago de Compostela)J-Y Vinet(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)S. Vitale(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)T. Vo(Syracuse University)H. Vocca(University of Perugia)C. VorvickS. P. Vyatchanin(Lomonosov Moscow State University)A. R. Wade(Australian National University)L. E. Wade(Kenyon College)M. Wade(Kenyon College)Robert M. Wald(University of Chicago)R. C. Walet(National Institute for Subatomic Physics)M. Walker(Christopher Newport University)G. S. Wallace(University of Strathclyde)L. Wallace(California Institute of Technology)S. Walsh(University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)J. Z. Wang(University of Michigan)S. Wang(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)W. H. Wang(The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley)Y. F. Wang(Chinese University of Hong Kong)R. L. Ward(Australian National University)J. WarnerM. Wąs(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)N. Y. Washington(California Institute of Technology)J. Watchi(Université Libre de Bruxelles)B. WeaverL. Wei(Leibniz University Hannover)M. Weinert(Leibniz University Hannover)Allan J. Weinstein(California Institute of Technology)R. Weiss(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)F. Wellmann(Leibniz University Hannover)L. Wen(The University of Western Australia)P. Weßels(Leibniz University Hannover)J. W. Westhouse(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)K. Wette(Australian National University)J. T. Whelan(Rochester Institute of Technology)L. V. White(California State University, Fullerton)L. V. White(Syracuse University)B. F. Whiting(University of Florida)C. Whittle(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)D. M. Wilken(Leibniz University Hannover)D. R. Williams(University of Glasgow)M. J. Williams(University of Glasgow)A. R. Williamson(University of Portsmouth)J. L. Willis(California Institute of Technology)B. Willke(Leibniz University Hannover)D. J. Wilson(University of Arizona)M. H. Wimmer(Leibniz University Hannover)W. Winkler(Leibniz University Hannover)C. C. Wipf(California Institute of Technology)G. Woan(University of Glasgow)J. Woehler(Leibniz University Hannover)J. K. Wofford(Rochester Institute of Technology)I. C. F. Wong(Chinese University of Hong Kong)J.S.A von Wrangel(Leibniz University Hannover)J. L. Wright(University of Glasgow)Di Wu(Leibniz University Hannover)D. M. Wysocki(Rochester Institute of Technology)S. Xiao(California Institute of Technology)H. Yamamoto(California Institute of Technology)L. Yang(Colorado State University)Yang Yang(University of Florida)Ziyan Yang(University of Minnesota)M. J. Yap(Australian National University)D. W. Yeeles(Cardiff University)A. S. Yoon(Christopher Newport University)Hang Yu(California Institute of Technology)Haocun Yu(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)S. H. R. Yuen(Chinese University of Hong Kong)Adam Zadrożny(National Centre for Nuclear Research)M. Zanolin(Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)T. Zelenova(European Gravitational Observatory)J.-P. Zendri(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova)M. Zevin(Northwestern University)J. Zhang(The University of Western Australia)L. Zhang(California Institute of Technology)R. Zhang(University of Florida)T. Zhang(University of Birmingham)C. Zhao(The University of Western Australia)Guoying Zhao(Université Libre de Bruxelles)M. Zhou(Northwestern University)Z. Zhou(Northwestern University)X. J. Zhu(Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute)Aaron Zimmerman(The University of Texas at Austin)M. E. Zucker(California Institute of Technology)J. Zweizig(California Institute of Technology)

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Abstract

Gravitational waves enable tests of general relativity in the highly dynamical and strong-field regime. Using events detected by LIGO-Virgo up to 1 October 2019, we evaluate the consistency of the data with predictions from the theory. We first establish that residuals from the best-fit waveform are consistent with detector noise, and that the low- and high-frequency parts of the signals are in agreement. We then consider parametrized modifications to the waveform by varying post-Newtonian and phenomenological coefficients, improving past constraints by factors of $\ensuremath{\sim}2$; we also find consistency with Kerr black holes when we specifically target signatures of the spin-induced quadrupole moment. Looking for gravitational-wave dispersion, we tighten constraints on Lorentz-violating coefficients by a factor of $\ensuremath{\sim}2.6$ and bound the mass of the graviton to ${m}_{g}\ensuremath{\le}1.76\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}23}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}/{c}^{2}$ with 90% credibility. We also analyze the properties of the merger remnants by measuring ringdown frequencies and damping times, constraining fractional deviations away from the Kerr frequency to $\ensuremath{\delta}{\stackrel{^}{f}}_{220}=0.0{3}_{\ensuremath{-}0.35}^{+0.38}$ for the fundamental quadrupolar mode, and $\ensuremath{\delta}{\stackrel{^}{f}}_{221}=0.0{4}_{\ensuremath{-}0.32}^{+0.27}$ for the first overtone; additionally, we find no evidence for postmerger echoes. Finally, we determine that our data are consistent with tensorial polarizations through a template-independent method. When possible, we assess the validity of general relativity based on collections of events analyzed jointly. We find no evidence for new physics beyond general relativity, for black hole mimickers, or for any unaccounted systematics.

Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research Cosmology and Gravitation Theories Astrophysical Phenomena and ObservationsLIGOGravitational waveBinary black holePhysicsGeneral relativityTests of general relativityTransient (computer programming)Binary numberAstrophysicsGravitational-wave observatory

Funding

National Science Foundation
Kavli Foundation
Centres de Recerca de Catalunya
Institut des Origines de Lyon
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Leverhulme Trust
Royal Society
Scottish Funding Council
Scottish Universities Physics Alliance
European Commission
National Research Foundation
Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India
Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej
Russian Foundation for Basic Research
Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS
Generalitat de Catalunya
Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee
Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
Generalitat Valenciana
Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação
Hungarian Scientific Research Fund
National Research Foundation of Korea
Conseil Régional, Île-de-France
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Narodowe Centrum Nauki
Ministry of Education, India
Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Cancéropôle Ile de France
Russian Science Foundation
Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal
Vlaamse regering
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research
Govern de les Illes Balears
Science and Technology Facilities Council
Australian Research Council
Science and Engineering Research Board
Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Science and Engineering Research Council
European Regional Development Fund
Agencia Estatal de Investigación
Conselleria d'Educació, Investigació, Cultura i Esport
Conselleria de Innovación, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital, Generalitat Valenciana
National Research, Development and Innovation Office
Division of Human Resource Development