Critical evaluation of pathogenesis and treatment of gout including urolithiasis in poultry

Abstract

Gout and urolithiasis are important metabolic and renal disorders in poultry that significantly impact productivity, health, and economic returns in the poultry industry. These conditions are primarily associated with impaired kidney function, leading to accumulation of uric acid in the bloodstream (hyperuricemia) and subsequent deposition of urate crystals in visceral organs and joints. Urolithiasis, characterized by the formation of kidney stones and ureteral obstruction, often coexists with gout and further exacerbates renal damage. The etiology is multifactorial, involving nutritional, infectious, toxic, genetic, and environmental factors. High dietary protein, excess calcium, imbalanced calcium-phosphorus ratio, vitamin A deficiency, and high sodium intake contribute significantly to disease development. Additionally, nephrotoxic agents such as mycotoxins and certain antibiotics, along with viral infections like infectious bronchitis virus and avian nephritis virus, play a critical role in kidney dysfunction. Pathogenesis involves disruption of purine metabolism, increased uric acid production, and decreased excretion due to renal impairment, resulting in urate crystal precipitation in tissues. Environmental stressors, particularly dehydration caused by inadequate water intake or extreme temperatures, further intensify disease occurrence. Clinically, affected birds exhibit poor growth, reduced egg production, lameness, and high mortality rates. Currently, there is no specific treatment for gout in poultry; therefore, management primarily focuses on preventive strategies. These include providing balanced nutrition, maintaining optimal calcium-phosphorus ratios, ensuring adequate hydration, controlling mycotoxin contamination, and minimizing exposure to nephrotoxic substances. Early diagnosis and improved management practices are essential to reduce disease incidence and economic losses.