Butterfly (Lepidoptera) diversity across four biogeographical regions of India: A systematic review

Abstract

Background: Butterflies are important ecological indicators and play a vital role in ecosystem functioning through pollination and trophic interactions. Their diversity and distribution are influenced by habitat characteristics, vegetation type, and environmental conditions. Understanding regional patterns of butterfly diversity is therefore essential for biodiversity assessment and conservation planning.Objective: The present study aims to compile and analyze published information on butterfly diversity from four major biogeographical regions of India-Deccan Peninsula, Western Ghats, East Coast, and West Coast-based on studies conducted during the last decade.Results: the compiled dataset recorded a total of 429 butterfly species belonging to six families across the four regions. Among these, Nymphalidae was the most dominant family, followed by Lycaenidae, Hesperiidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae, and Riodinidae. Conclusion: This review provides a comprehensive overview of butterfly diversity across major biogeographical regions of India and emphasizes the importance of regional assessments for effective conservation and biodiversity management.