Advancements in three-dimensional imaging and virtual technologies in modern anatomical education: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Anatomy is a fundamental discipline in medical, veterinary, and allied health sciences, traditionally taught through cadaveric dissection. However, challenges such as limited cadaver availability, ethical concerns, and exposure to toxic preservatives have prompted the development of innovative educational approaches. Recent technological advancements including three-dimensional (3D) visualization, virtual dissection tables, virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and 3D printing have significantly transformed anatomical education. These technologies provide interactive and immersive learning environments that enhance spatial understanding of anatomical structures and improve student engagement. Digital anatomy platforms also facilitate integration of radiological imaging with anatomical education, allowing students to correlate clinical imaging with structural anatomy. Furthermore, modern specimen preservation techniques continue to support anatomical teaching by providing durable and realistic models for demonstration. The integration of traditional dissection methods with emerging digital technologies offers a comprehensive approach for improving anatomy education in modern medical curricula.