Salinity intrusion as a growing threat to coastal ecosystems and livelihoods in Gujarat, India

Abstract

Salinity intrusion in Gujarat's coastal aquifers is a significant and growing threat to both livelihoods and ecosystems, primarily driven by over-extraction of groundwater, sea-level rise, and climate change. Studies show that seawater intrusion leads to increased salinization, deteriorating groundwater quality, and shifts in hydrogeochemical processes, which adversely affect agriculture by reducing crop productivity and soil fertility. Notably, districts such as Surat, Kachchh, Porbandar, Anand, Valsad, Navsari, and parts of south Gujarat have experienced significant salinization due to seawater mixing with groundwater and over-extraction of aquifers. Management strategies proposed include artificial recharge techniques, physical barriers to reduce intrusion, integrated water resource management, and location-specific programs focusing on sustainable groundwater use and crop selection. Remote sensing and IoT-based monitoring have identified high-risk areas including Dabhor, Dari, Somnath, and Veraval for critical salinization, emphasizing the need for real-time management strategies. Recent advances incorporate remote sensing, IoT sensors, and machine learning for real-time monitoring of salinity intrusion hotspots to support early warning systems and sustainable management efforts.