Evaluation of hematological, and biochemical responses in Cyprinus carpio following Sublethal amoxicillin exposure

Abstract

Pharmaceutical products represent a diverse group of chemical substances extensively used in human and veterinary medicine. Among them, antibiotics are frequently detected in aquatic ecosystems due to their widespread application and improper disposal. The present study aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of amoxicillin on the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio (common carp), with special emphasis on hematological and biochemical alterations as biomarkers. Fish were exposed to a sublethal concentration of 100 mg/L amoxicillin for 96 hours. Hematological, and biochemical parameters were assessed at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours of exposure. Significant alterations were observed in the treated group compared to the control. A progressive decrease in erythrocyte (RBC) and leukocyte (WBC) counts was recorded during the exposure period, while hemoglobin (Hb) levels showed fluctuating changes. Biochemical analysis indicated a declining trend in total protein, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, whereas serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels showed a significant increase, suggesting hepatic impairment in the treated fish. The findings of the present study demonstrate that amoxicillin exposure induces marked hematological and biochemical disturbances in C. carpio. These parameters may serve as reliable biomarkers for monitoring pharmaceutical contamination and assessing fish health in aquatic ecosystems.