Integrated pest and disease management in sericulture: Emerging approaches and sustainable solutions

Abstract

Sericulture, the cultivation of silkworms for silk production, is a vital agro-industry providing livelihoods for millions globally. However, its sustainability is perpetually threatened by a complex of insect pests and diseases affecting both the mulberry host plant (Morus spp.) and the silkworm, Bombyx mori. The over-reliance on chemical pesticides has led to environmental contamination, harm to non-target organisms and the development of resistance, compromising the quality of mulberry leaves and silkworm health. This review critically synthesizes current research on Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM) in sericulture, emphasizing the shift towards sustainable and eco-friendly solutions. We examine the biology and impact of major pests, including the tukra mealybug (Maconellicoccus hirsutus) and leaf roller (Diaphania pulverulentalis) and devastating silkworm diseases such as muscardine (caused by Beauveria bassiana) and pebrine (caused by Nosema bombycis). The core of the review focuses on emerging management strategies, integrating biological control using parasitoids and entomopathogens, botanical pesticides derived from plants like neem (Azadirachta indica) and advanced cultural practices. Furthermore, we explore the transformative potential of biotechnology, including molecular diagnostics for rapid pathogen detection, RNA interference (RNAi) for targeted pest suppression and the development of pest-resistant mulberry cultivars. The integration of digital technologies like AI-based pest detection and IoT-enabled environmental monitoring is also discussed as a frontier in precision sericulture. Key challenges, such as climate change impacts and barriers to farmer adoption, are addressed. Future research should focus on microbiome engineering for disease resilience, validating biocontrol agents under field conditions and developing climate-smart sericulture models to ensure the long-term economic and ecological sustainability of the silk industry.