A comprehensive study of selected herbal plants in the management of congestive heart failure

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major global health concern and remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It encompasses a wide range of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels, including coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, rheumatic and congenital heart disease, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, and heart failure. Among these, congestive heart failure (CHF) represents a complex clinical syndrome characterized by impaired cardiac function due to structural and functional abnormalities. Both non- modifiable factors, such as age and genetic predisposition, and modifiable risk factors, including unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, influence the development of CVD. Despite significant advances in diagnostic biomarkers, imaging modalities, and pharmacological therapies, CVD continues to impose a substantial clinical and socioeconomic burden, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.This review highlights the potential role of plant-based interventions, with particular emphasis on Allium sativum (garlic) and its peel, as supportive strategies in cardiovascular management. Garlic peel is rich in bioactive phytoconstituents, including organosulfur compounds (alliin, allicin, s-allyl cysteine), flavonoids, phenolic acids, vitamins, amino acids, and essential fatty acids identified through GC-MS analysis. These compounds exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective properties. Emerging evidence suggests that garlic peel may contribute to improved cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cardiac function. Overall, this review summarizes current knowledge on cardiovascular disease and explores the therapeutic potential of garlic peel as a promising nutraceutical approach in the prevention and management of CVD, particularly congestive heart failure.