Bio-waste mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: A review on antimicrobial activity and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) growth promotion

Abstract

This review explores the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using bio-waste and biological resources, emphasising their antimicrobial potential on the growth of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Traditional synthesis methods of Ag-NPs involve toxic chemicals and high energy consumption, raising environmental and health concerns. Green synthesis offers eco-friendly alternatives by utilising plant extracts, microorganisms, and waste materials, reducing environmental impact while enhancing biocompatibility and stability. Characterisation techniques like UV-Vis spectroscopy, TEM, and XRD analyse the physicochemical properties of these nanoparticles. Ag-NPs exhibit potent antimicrobial properties against a range of pathogens, including antibiotic-resistant strains, and enhance plant growth, protecting against microbial threats. This review consolidates current knowledge on green synthesis, antimicrobial properties, and applications of Ag-NPs, highlighting their potential in sustainable agriculture and innovative healthcare solutions.