Agroforestry practices for sustainable production in India: A review

Abstract

Agroforestry systems, which integrate crops and/or pasture lands with woody perennial trees, represent an effective land-use approach for sustaining agricultural productivity while maximizing returns from limited land resources. In India, agroforestry plays a vital role in enhancing farm productivity, improving livelihoods, and strengthening resilience through the simultaneous production of food, fodder, fuelwood, timber, and other ecosystem services. Owing to increasing pressure on land, declining soil fertility, and growing climate variability, agroforestry has emerged as an important area of interest for researchers, farmers, and policymakers. This review critically examines the contribution of major agroforestry practices in India with respect to (i) sustainable agricultural production, (ii) maintenance of ecological balance, (iii) soil carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation, and (iv) region-specific agroforestry systems that enhance system productivity and livelihood security. Multistoried and tree-based agroforestry systems, in particular, improve overall system productivity and soil nutrient status by enhancing biological activity through tree–crop interactions, biological nitrogen fixation, litter deposition, and efficient nutrient recycling. The synthesis of existing literature indicates that agroforestry systems in India significantly contribute to social, economic, and ecological sustainability by improving soil health, conserving biodiversity, enhancing carbon stocks, and diversifying farm income. Proper selection and management of tree and crop components are essential to minimize competition and maximize system benefits. This review highlights the need for location-specific research, improved management practices, and supportive policy interventions to strengthen agroforestry adoption and ensure long-term sustainability of Indian agriculture.