Hydrogeochemical analysis using diagram and Wqchartpy tool for Wanaparthy watershed of Telangana

Abstract

This study presents an integrated hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater in the Wanaparthy watershed, Telangana, India, using classical hydrogeochemical diagrams, GIS techniques, and the QWCHARAT tool. A total of 2520 groundwater samples collected from 120 locations during pre- and post-monsoon seasons (2004–2024) were analyzed for major physicochemical parameters, cations, and anions. Piper and Gibbs diagrams were employed to identify dominant hydrochemical facies and governing geochemical processes, revealing Na–Cl–SO₄ and Ca–Na–HCO₃ water types primarily controlled by rock–water interaction and evaporation. Spatial distribution maps generated using IDW interpolation highlighted zones of elevated salinity, nitrate, and sodium hazards influenced by agricultural activities. Irrigation water suitability was evaluated through multiple indices, indicating that most groundwater samples fall within permissible to moderately suitable categories, with localized constraints. The integration of hydrogeochemical tools, QWCHARAT classification, and GIS-based spatial analysis provides an effective framework for groundwater quality evaluation and supports sustainable groundwater management and policy planning in semi-arid hard-rock terrains.