Influence of sustainable crop production, vermicompost, and Azotobacter in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Abstract

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), one of the world's most significant staple food crops, is frequently referred to as the King of Cereals. It covers around 214.79 million hectares and produces nearly 735.17 million tonnes each year, serving as an important source of carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, and vitamins. However, modern wheat farming faces challenges such as unsustainable crop management, overdependence on chemical fertilisers, and environmental degradation. Traditional practices have led to reduced soil fertility, poor nutrient uptake, and stagnant yields. The potential of Natural farming and the application is biofertilizers are investigated in this study, particularly Azotobacter and vermicompost, as sustainable alternatives to minimise reliance on chemical-intensive cultivation. Organic agriculture supports ecological balance and soil rejuvenation by enhancing nutrient cycling, encouraging biodiversity, and reducing environmental harm. Azotobacter, a free-living nitrogen-fixing bacterium, promotes seed germination, plant height, tiller production, and grain yield. When combined with vermicompost or farmyard manure, Azotobacter further enhances physiological functions, nutrient absorption, and overall productivity. Vermicompost, farmyard manure, and biofertilizers are exemplification of organic inputs can greatly improve plant growth, nutrient cycling, and soil health. Vermicompost enhances soil texture, promotes water retention, boosts microbial activity, and enriches the soil with macro and micronutrients. An integrated nutrient management system that includes recommended fertiliser levels, Azotobacter inoculation, and vermicompost application has shown significant improvement in wheat yield, grain quality, and soil fertility. Both Azotobacter and vermicompost significantly enhance root colonisation and nutrient uptake, resulting in better yield and protein content. The study emphasises the significance of using sustainable techniques to boost the long-term productivity and ecological resilience of wheat-growing systems. Research confirms that integrated organic management achieves results similar to or better than conventional methods while safeguarding environmental and economic sustainability. Promoting the use of biofertilizers and organic manures offers a practical solution for building resilient wheat production systems that ensure food security and environmental well-being.