Adoption dynamics, knowledge gains, and perceived constraints in Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) practices of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in Eastern India/Odisha: An agronomic and behavioral analysis

Abstract

Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) is a vital approach to improve crop productivity and soil health. The present study was conducted among 200 sesame farmers in Deogarh district to assess their knowledge, adoption level, and constraints in INM practices, and to link these behavioral dimensions with agronomic outcomes (yield, net return, and B:C ratio). A structured knowledge test, an adoption scale of five key practices (soil test-based NPK, sulphur, ZnSO₄, boron, and Azotobacter), and a constraint analysis scale were used. Results revealed that 51% of farmers had medium knowledge, with an overall knowledge index of 72.6%. Adoption analysis showed the highest adoption for soil test-based NPK (76%) and the lowest for Azotobacter (55%), with an overall adoption index of 65.2%. Major constraints were high cost of micronutrients (89.3% gap) and non-availability of biofertilizers (81.6% gap). Agronomic outcomes indicated that INM adoption led to significantly higher yields (3.9 q/ha vs. 2.7 q/ha) and higher B:C ratio (1.82 vs. 1.34). The findings highlight the importance of targeted extension interventions, input availability, and cost reduction strategies for scaling INM in sesame cultivation.