Review on organic livestock farming: A sustainable production system

Abstract

The intensification of conventional livestock production systems has significantly increased animal productivity; however, it has simultaneously raised concerns regarding environmental degradation, excessive use of synthetic inputs, antimicrobial resistance, animal welfare, and food safety. Organic livestock farming has emerged as a sustainable alternative that emphasizes ecological balance, biodiversity conservation, animal welfare, and minimal reliance on synthetic chemicals. This review critically examines the principles, standards, and management practices of organic livestock farming, with particular emphasis on organic dairy production. Global trends in organic livestock production, market growth, and the comparatively small contribution of animal products to the overall organic sector are discussed. The review further evaluates the environmental, economic, social, and consumer-related benefits of organic livestock systems, along with the constraints limiting their widespread adoption, especially in developing countries. Special attention is given to India, highlighting its agro-climatic diversity, traditional low-input farming systems, and significant potential for organic livestock and dairy production. The review concludes that organic livestock farming can enhance sustainability, animal welfare, and product quality while offering premium market opportunities and improved rural livelihoods.