Integrated farming systems in Jharkhand: Current status, scope, and future prospects amid changing agricultural scenarios

Abstract

Small and marginal farmers form the foundation of Jharkhand’s agrarian economy, constituting over 80% of the total farming population while cultivating a limited share of operational land holdings (Government of Jharkhand, 2023). Agriculture in the state is primarily rainfed, characterized by low productivity, fragmented holdings, and high dependence on monsoon rainfall (Birsa Agricultural University, 2022). Despite the hard work and labor-intensive nature of farming, rural livelihoods remain insecure due to limited diversification and low farm income (Chand et al., 2017) [10]. In this context, the Integrated Farming System (IFS) has emerged as a promising approach to enhance farm productivity, ensure livelihood security, and promote sustainable use of available resources (Behera et al., 2012) [3]. IFS integrates various enterprises such as field crops, livestock, fisheries, horticulture, poultry, beekeeping, and agroforestry into a single farm unit, where the output or by-product of one component serves as an input for another, thereby reducing waste, lowering production costs, and improving overall farm efficiency (Gill et al., 2010) [21]. In Jharkhand, the adoption of IFS has shown encouraging results across different agro-climatic zones, particularly in improving income stability, nutritional security, and resource recycling for small and marginal farmers (ICAR-RCER, 2021; Singh et al., 2020) [47]. Studies and demonstrations conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) and research institutions under ICAR-RCER and Birsa Agricultural University have revealed that integrated farming enhances soil health, optimizes water use, and ensures year-round employment opportunities (ICAR, 2023). The system also contributes to resilience against climatic fluctuations and market uncertainties, which are common challenges in the state (Kumar et al., 2019) [33]. Given Jharkhand’s diverse topography and resource endowment, promoting region-specific IFS models supported by training, policy incentives, and institutional linkages can transform the state’s agriculture from subsistence to a more profitable and sustainable enterprise (NITI Aayog, 2022). In the changing agricultural scenario, integrated farming offers a viable pathway for ecological balance, enhanced livelihood, and inclusive rural development in Jharkhand.