Advancements and Applications of Veterinary Endoscopy: Technological Innovations, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

Abstract

Veterinary endoscopy has evolved from a specialized diagnostic tool to a central pillar of modern veterinary practice, enabling precise visualization and minimally invasive interventions across animal species. Over the last two decades, this discipline has undergone remarkable transformation through the convergence of optical, mechanical, and digital technologies. Recent developments, including high-definition imaging, narrow-band illumination, robotic-assisted systems, artificial intelligence (AI)-driven diagnostics, and virtual reality (VR)-based training, have expanded the scope of endoscopy from simple gastrointestinal procedures to complex thoracic and orthopedic surgeries. These innovations have substantially improved diagnostic accuracy, surgical precision, and postoperative outcomes, while also contributing to advancements in animal welfare and clinical efficiency. However, veterinary endoscopy still faces challenges related to cost, training, and accessibility, particularly in low-resource settings. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of technological advancements, clinical applications, and emerging trends in veterinary endoscopy from 2000 to 2025, highlighting critical innovations, limitations, and future perspectives that will shape the next generation of veterinary diagnostics and therapeutics.