Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) in dogs: Etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive strategies

Abstract

Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) is a rapidly progressive and life-threatening emergency in dogs, characterized by acute gastric distension followed by rotation of the stomach along its mesenteric axis. This condition results in mechanical obstruction, vascular compromise, and severe systemic shock, leading to high mortality if not promptly treated. GDV occurs predominantly in large and giant breed dogs and is considered a multifactorial disorder influenced by genetic predisposition, thoracic conformation, gastric motility abnormalities, dietary practices, and environmental stressors. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of GDV, encompassing its etiology, anatomy and pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, emergency stabilization, surgical management, postoperative care, prognosis, and prevention strategies. Emphasis is placed on early recognition, rapid stabilization, and timely surgical intervention as key determinants of survival. Advances in perioperative care, diagnostic imaging, and prophylactic gastropexy techniques have significantly improved outcomes. Understanding the complex pathophysiological cascade and risk factors associated with GDV is essential for effective clinical decision-making and long-term prevention in high-risk canine populations.