Effect of organic and inorganic nitrogen sources on the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Abstract

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of nitrogen applied through organic, inorganic, and integrated sources on the growth, yield, and yield attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions. Nitrogen is a critical nutrient influencing crop productivity, and its appropriate management is essential for sustainable agriculture. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with multiple treatments including urea, farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost, and their combinations. Observations were recorded on growth parameters such as plant height, number of tillers per plant, and leaf area index; yield attributes like number of grains per spike, test weight, and grain yield; and economic indicators such as gross returns, net returns, and benefit-cost ratio. Results indicated that the integrated use of inorganic and organic nitrogen significantly improved growth characteristics, yield attributes, and final grain yield compared to the sole use of either source. The treatment combining 50% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through urea with 50% RDN through FYM performed best in terms of yield and economic returns. Furthermore, soil health was also positively influenced under organic and integrated treatments, indicating long-term sustainability. This study underscores the potential in improving wheat productivity while maintaining soil fertility and promoting environmental sustainability. The findings can help farmers and policymakers adopt better nutrient strategies that optimize resource use efficiency and reduce environmental risks.