Adaptive strategies of managing insect pests in rice under climate stress

Abstract

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) plays a vital role in global food security, providing a staple food diet for more than 60% of the world’s population, particularly in Asia. Despite its importance, rice production is increasingly threatened by pest outbreaks intensified by climate change. Across India, more than 100 insect species have been reported to attack rice, with approximately 20 considered economically significant such as stem borers, leaf folders, and planthoppers leading to considerable yield reductions. Climate driven factors like rising temperatures, irregular rainfall, and elevated atmospheric CO2 have altered pest biology, leading to increased survival rates, faster development, overlapping generations, and reduced effectiveness of natural plant defenses. This review examines both the direct and indirect consequences of climate change on pest populations in rice ecosystems and presents sustainable and adaptive pest management options. The focus is on integrated approaches that include cultural modifications, mechanical and biological interventions, and strategic use of chemical pesticides. Practical methods like adjusting sowing dates, managing water and crop residues, deploying parasitoids such as Trichogramma spp., and conserving beneficial insects are highlighted. In addition, the integration of climate smart tools such as pest monitoring through light traps and predictive forecasting systems are emphasized. Strengthening community based Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and minimizing dependence on chemical inputs are crucial steps toward enhancing the resilience and sustainability of rice farming under changing climatic conditions.