Nutritional impact of micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries: A biochemical approach

Abstract

Micronutrient deficiencies remain a significant public health challenge in developing countries, where insufficient access to essential vitamins and minerals negatively impacts overall health, productivity, and development. Iron, vitamin A, iodine, and zinc are among the most prevalent deficiencies, each linked to numerous health issues, including anaemia, impaired immune function, stunted growth, and cognitive delays. The biochemical mechanisms underlying these deficiencies highlight their crucial roles in vital metabolic processes. For example, iron deficiency impairs haemoglobin production, resulting in anaemia, while vitamin A deficiency weakens immune function by compromising mucosal membrane integrity. Likewise, iodine deficiency disrupts thyroid function, and zinc is essential for cellular division and protein synthesis. Despite ongoing efforts such as fortification, supplementation, and dietary diversification, significant challenges persist, particularly in rural areas where access to diverse foods is limited and sanitation and hygiene practices remain suboptimal. This review aims to explore the biochemical pathways influenced by micronutrient deficiencies and assess their impact on human health in developing countries. Additionally, it evaluates the effectiveness of current intervention strategies and discusses the potential for holistic approaches combining dietary improvements with public health initiatives.