Nano urea vs. conventional urea: A comparative analysis of efficacy in major crops

Abstract

The rapid advancement of nanotechnology has led to development of nano fertilizers as a promising alternative to conventional nutrient sources, with nano urea emerging as a novel nitrogen fertilizer for sustainable agriculture. This review critically examines comparative efficacy of nano urea and conventional urea across major field crops. Nano urea when applied as foliar spray has resulted in enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, reduced nitrogen losses through leaching and volatilization compared to the conventional urea. However, variability in crop response under different agroclimatic conditions and limited long term studies on soil-plant-microbe interactions necessitate comprehensive evaluation. The review also highlights that liquid nano urea is most effective as a supplement than a complete replacement for conventional urea and the integrated use of nano urea with conventional fertilizers is a sustainable solution for climate resilient agriculture with a need for long term safety evaluation and suitable regulatory frameworks.