Gulnar (Punica granatum L. Flowers): A comprehensive review of phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and Unani perspectives

Abstract

Introduction: Gulnar, the dried flower buds of Punica granatum L. (pomegranate), has been widely used in Unani, Ayurvedic, and Persian traditional systems of medicine for the management of inflammation, gastrointestinal ailments, oral diseases, and wound healing. Classical texts describe its actions as Qabid (astringent), Mohallil-e-Warm (anti-inflammatory), and Mundammil-e-Qurooh (ulcer healing). Growing scientific interest has focused on validating these traditional claims, particularly regarding its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Methods: A comprehensive review of classical Unani literature and scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science) was conducted. Studies on botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of Gulnar were examined, with particular focus on in vitro, in vivo, and limited clinical studies assessing anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and wound-healing effects.Results: Gulnar contains abundant bioactive compounds, notably polyphenols, ellagitannins, flavonoids, tannins, ellagic acid, gallic acid, and anthocyanins. Experimental evidence supports its strong anti-inflammatory potential via inhibition of COX-2, TNF-α, NO synthase, and oxidative stress. Additional activities include antimicrobial, astringent, gastroprotective, and wound-healing effects. Discussion: The available evidence supports the traditional Unani claims regarding Gulnar’s anti-inflammatory and tissue-healing properties. A clear correlation exists between its phytochemical composition and pharmacological activities. However, standardization of extracts, dose optimization, and clinical validation remain major research gaps. Conclusion: Gulnar represents a promising natural anti-inflammatory and therapeutic agent, bridging traditional knowledge with modern scientific validation. Further well-designed preclinical and clinical studies are essential for its incorporation into evidence-based herbal medicine.