Dalak (massage) in Unani system of medicine: Historical roots, therapeutic applications, and contemporary relevance

Abstract

Dalak (massage) is one of the most significant regimental therapies (Ilaj-bil-Tadbeer) in the Unani system of medicine. Rooted in Greco-Arab tradition and practiced across ancient civilizations, Dalak has been employed both as a preventive and therapeutic measure. Classical Unani physicians such as Hippocrates, Ibn Sina, and Ibn Rushd emphasized its role in eliminating morbid humors, enhancing circulation, relieving pain, and strengthening the body. Dalak is categorized into various types based on technique, pressure, and duration, with specific physiological and clinical benefits. Recent scientific studies validate its efficacy in musculoskeletal, neurological, and psychosomatic conditions. This review synthesizes classical concepts with modern evidence, highlighting the potential of Dalak as an integrative and cost-effective therapeutic modality in contemporary healthcare.