Knowledge, awareness, and perceived risks of zoonotic diseases among livestock farmers in South Garo Hills District of Meghalaya

Abstract

This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding zoonotic diseases among livestock farmers in South Garo Hills, Meghalaya. In rural agricultural settings, animals are integral to livelihoods. However, inadequate education and poor awareness pose serious public health risks through zoonotic disease transmission. Demographic analysis revealed that most livestock farmers are middle-aged, reflecting traditional roles in backyard animal rearing. A majority (78%) are small-scale farmers earning below Rs.10,000 monthly, and many have only secondary education. Statistical analysis showed that older farmers tend to have lower education and income, while higher education correlates with better earnings, emphasizing education’s role in improving livelihoods. Alarmingly, 74% of respondents had low knowledge of animal husbandry and zoonoses. Only 10% were aware that diseases could be transmitted from animals to humans. Awareness of specific diseases like brucellosis (6%), anthrax (2%), and avian influenza (12%) was especially poor. Preventive practices like vaccination and deworming were inadequate, with only 6% having vaccinated animals against rabies. Hygiene practices were inconsistent, and 20.8% of respondents had experienced zoonotic infections. Additionally, a 25% incidence of livestock abortion often linked to zoonotic pathogens was reported. The findings highlight a significant knowledge gap and the urgent need for community-specific education, improved veterinary outreach, and targeted public health interventions. Empowering farmers, especially women, through education and training is essential to reduce zoonotic disease risks and strengthen rural health systems.