Foliar nutrition of rice: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Foliar nutrition has emerged as an efficient supplementary strategy to enhance nutrient uptake, growth, and productivity in rice, particularly under conditions where soil-based fertilization is limited by fixation, losses, or poor nutrient availability. Rice, a staple for more than half of the global population, demands innovative nutrient management approaches to sustain yields and improve grain quality. Foliar application enables rapid absorption of nutrients through leaf surfaces and can correct deficiencies more efficiently than soil fertilization. Recent advances demonstrate significant improvements in growth, yield, and physiological responses through foliar application of conventional fertilizers, nano-formulations, and organic liquid manures. Foliar sprays have also proven effective for micronutrient biofortification, particularly zinc enrichment, and for mitigating environmental stresses when combined with growth regulators or silicon-based formulations. Despite clear advantages, foliar nutrition remains a supplemental practice, with effectiveness influenced by environmental conditions and concentration-dependent phytotoxicity. Continued research on advanced formulations, precision delivery technologies, and sustainable organic alternatives will strengthen the role of foliar nutrition in resilient and high-quality rice production systems.