Evaluation of the safety profile of “Talmakhana” the seed drug of Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine used in Unani medicine

Abstract

Background: Talmakhana (Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine), a widely used Unani seed drug, is valued for its aphrodisiac, diuretic, tonic, and hepatoprotective properties. Despite its therapeutic relevance, scientific evaluation of its safety parameters remains limited. Objective: To assess the safety profile of Talmakhana seeds through analysis of microbial load, heavy metals, aflatoxins and pesticide residues in accordance with WHO and ASU (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani) guidelines. Methods: Standardized analytical procedures were employed, including microbial limit testing, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) for heavy metals, LC-MS/MS for aflatoxins, and GC-MS/MS for pesticide residues determination. Results: Microbial load values (44,000 cfu/g bacteria; 180 cfu/g fungi) were within acceptable limits, and no pathogenic organisms were detected. Heavy metals (Pb, As, Cd, Hg), aflatoxins (B1 and total), and all 34 screened pesticides were below the limit of quantification. Conclusion: Talmakhana seeds exhibit a favourable safety profile and comply with international quality standards, supporting their continued safe use in Unani medicine.