Comprehensive review of hepatitis in canines: Etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and management

Abstract

The present review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of hepatitis in dogs by detailing its etiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic approaches, treatment strategies, and preventive measures. The primary objective is to consolidate available scientific knowledge on various forms of canine hepatitis, including acute and chronic hepatitis, infectious canine hepatitis (ICH), bacterial hepatitis, and toxin-induced hepatic disorders. Information was compiled from documented outbreaks, histopathological investigations, laboratory diagnostic findings, and therapeutic protocols reported in veterinary literature. The methodology involves an analytical synthesis of data regarding viral behavior, bacterial involvement, toxicological influences, clinical manifestations, and organ-specific pathological changes. The review highlights that ICH, caused by Canine Adenovirus-1, remains a significant concern in young or unvaccinated dogs and can lead to severe hepatic necrosis, vasculitis, coagulopathy, and high mortality. Bacterial and toxic hepatitis also contribute substantially to hepatic disease burdens, presenting diagnostic challenges due to overlapping clinical and histological features. Management relies heavily on supportive therapy, correction of metabolic and coagulation imbalances, and targeted antimicrobial use when indicated. The findings emphasize that preventive vaccination, strict hygiene measures, early diagnosis, and standardized histopathological interpretation are essential for reducing disease incidence and improving clinical outcomes in canine populations.