Seasonal dynamics of pest fly infestations and their behavioural effects on cows in Degloor region, Maharashtra

Abstract

Pest flies are a major source of irritation and stress in cattle, affecting their welfare, health and productivity. This study examined the seasonal dynamics of pest fly infestations and their behavioural effects on cows in the Markhel Circle of Degloor, Maharashtra, India. Six pest fly species were documented including Haematobia irritans, Musca domestica, Stomoxys calcitrans, Hippobosca variegata, Haematopota montana, and Musca crassirostris, representing both biting and non-biting flies. Fly infestation levels varied significantly across seasons, with the lowest mean fly count in winter (5.52±4.25; intensity 7.26) and the highest during monsoon (19.34±14.70; intensity 21.02). Summer and post-monsoon periods showed intermediate infestation levels. Cows exhibited several defensive behaviours in response to fly attack, including Side licking, tail flicking, skin twitching, head tossing, Group bunching, Ear Flicking, licking nose, rubbing on surfaces, Closing of eyes and leg stamping. The study demonstrates clear seasonal patterns of fly abundance and associated behavioural stress in cows and provides essential baseline data for developing targeted fly-management strategies in semi-arid regions of India.