Most Probable Number [MPN] test to detect the presence of coliform from multiple drinking water sources of Janjgir-Champa district Chhattisgarh, India

Abstract

Waterborne diseases remain a major global health concern, affecting an estimated 1.8 billion people worldwide, with children under five being particularly vulnerable. Contamination of drinking water sources with fecal matter introduces pathogenic microorganisms that pose severe risks to human health. Coliform bacteria, primarily from the Enterobacteriaceae family, serve as key indicators of water pollution. The present study investigates the bacteriological quality of drinking water from three major sources ponds, tube wells, and municipal supply in Janjgir-Champa district, Chhattisgarh, using the Most Probable Number (MPN) technique. A total of 30 water samples positive for coliforms were analyzed. Results revealed that pond water exhibited the highest contamination, with MPN values ranging from 32 to >1800 per 100 ml, rendering it unfit for consumption. Tube well water showed moderate contamination, with MPN values between 21 and 37, while municipal tap water demonstrated low contamination levels (MPN 2-10), indicating acceptable potability. Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated organism (99.33%), followed by Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp., Serratia spp., and Pseudomonas spp. The predominance of E. coli and Enterobacter suggests significant fecal contamination in pond and tube well sources. Overall, the study highlights the urgent need for improved sanitation and monitoring to ensure safe drinking water for the community.