Fetomaternal outcome in caesarean section in second stage of labour

Abstract

Background: Second-stage caesarean section (CS), performed after complete cervical dilatation, represents one of the most technically challenging obstetric procedures. It carries significantly higher maternal and neonatal risks compared with first-stage or elective CS. The increasing incidence of second-stage CS in tertiary care centres across India underscores the need to analyse its indications, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and perinatal outcomes to strengthen clinical management and improve patient safety. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was carried out in a tertiary care teaching hospital from February 2022 to October 2022. All women undergoing caesarean section during the second stage of labour were included, comprising 69 cases out of 2,933 caesarean deliveries (2.35%). Data were collected from operative notes and patient records. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0, Stata 17.0, and GraphPad software. Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± SD, and categorical data as frequencies and percentages. Associations were tested using Chi-square and t-tests, with p