Status of wildlife crimes and their causes by different communities around Bandipur Tiger Reserve, Karnataka

Abstract

Bandipur Tiger Reserve in Karnataka is a vital component of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, supporting rich biodiversity, including tigers, elephants, and several endemic species. Despite its protected status, the reserve continues to face threats from wildlife crimes driven by socio-economic pressures and weak enforcement. This study assessed wildlife crime patterns, law enforcement effectiveness, and community-level drivers influencing illegal activities around forest fringe villages in Mysuru and Chamarajanagar districts. Data were collected from Forest Offence Case records (2008–09 to 2017–18) and field surveys. Analysis revealed 1,864 total offences, of which 133 (7.13%) were wildlife crimes directly targeting species such as elephants, sambar, and tigers. Spatial analysis identified Gundlupet, G.S. Betta, and Hediyala as major hotspots, while AM Gudi and Moolehole recorded minimal cases due to inaccessibility and stricter protection. Temporal trends showed that crimes occurred throughout the year, with minor peaks in January, April, and September, indicating persistent illegal activity rather than seasonal variation. Legal scrutiny exposed systemic weaknesses—none of the 133 cases resulted in conviction, with most either closed or pending due to poor evidence and procedural lapses. Socio-economic surveys indicated that limited education, poverty, and high dependence on wage labour significantly contributed to wildlife offences. The findings highlight that effective conservation in Bandipur requires not only stronger enforcement, improved documentation, and judicial coordination, but also community-based interventions that promote sustainable livelihoods and local stewardship to ensure long-term biodiversity protection.