Unveiling the therapeutic potential of Toot Siyah (Morus nigra Linn.): A comprehensive review

Abstract

Toot siyah (Morus nigra Linn.) is one of the efficacious Unani herbs, commonly known as black mulberry, considered the most attractive species among the mulberries belonging to the Moraceae family. Toot siyah is an oval-shaped, aggregated berry with a nutrient-rich, sweet taste, soft texture, and distinct flavour. Morus nigra tree is a deciduous or medium-sized woody perennial, monoecious tree capable of growing up to 10-13 meters tall and widely cultivated in the subtropical regions of North America, Africa and Asia (including Korea, Japan, China, and India). Traditionally, grown as a nutritional source for silkworms, it is also widely used in the production of jams, marmalades, vinegars, juices, wines, and cosmetics. The fruit is rich in primary metabolites, including carbohydrates, proteins, and essential fatty acids, which contribute to its high nutritional value. Additionally, its secondary metabolites, particularly phenolic compounds, play a significant role in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation due to their potent biological activity. In the Unani system of medicine, toot siyah has been utilised for centuries to address a range of ailments, with extensive mentions in classical Unani texts. From a pharmacological perspective, toot is believed to exhibit various biological activities, including antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, anti-hyperlipidaemic, and anticancer effects. It has also shown protective benefits for various human organs, attributed to its strong antioxidant properties. The primary objective of this review is to present data on the bioactive chemical constituents and pharmacological properties of mulberry, thereby supporting its future application in therapeutic, health-promoting interventions and management of chronic diseases.