Field-grown fungi for soil health: In-field mushroom cultivation as soil amendment and bioremediation

Abstract

Soil health is a critical determinant of agricultural productivity and ecosystem sustainability, yet intensive farming practices have led to widespread soil degradation, nutrient depletion, and contamination. Field-grown fungi, including mushrooms, is a sustainable solution for restoring depleted soil because they function as soil amendments and bioremediating agents. Mushrooms' amelioration enhances the soil's structure, promoting water retention and aeration. Moreover, fungi have showcased the potential to degrade organic compounds such as pesticides and hydrocarbons also restricting heavy metals by enzymatic activity and bio-absorption. Integration of mushroom cultivation with crop systems through rotation or intercropping further enhances plant growth, yield, and soil resilience. However, various challenges to scaling have prevented its implementation in broader landscapes, including sensitivity to environmental factors, pest and disease pressures, economic considerations, and a lack of knowledge. Advances in fungal biotechnology, new improved strains, nano-formulations, precision agriculture tools, and policy for this approach may improve how field mushrooms can be used. This review describes mechanisms of how soil health benefits from mushrooms and their abilities to remediate contaminants, presents some evidence from field trials, and discusses practices for incorporating fungi into sustainable agriculture. By promoting the use of field-grown fungi, this approach offers an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and scalable solution for restoring soil fertility and enhancing agricultural sustainability.