Entomopathogenic fungi: A comprehensive review of an ever-enduring biocontrol agent

Abstract

Global food security is threatened by various agricultural pests which cause significant losses to economically important crops. Chemical pesticides have traditionally been used to control these pests worldwide. However, the adverse effects of chemical pesticides, such as harm to non-target organisms, environmental contamination, and residue problems, are well known. Therefore, there is a growing need to develop environmentally friendly pest management practices with minimal impact on non-target organisms. Mycobiocontrol, which involves using Entomopathogenic Fungi (EPF) to reduce the density of insect pests and minimize crop damage, is a key component of sustainable pest management. Currently, there are more than 750 species of EPF known to attack various insects and mites across more than 20 insect orders and all developmental stages. Unlike bacteria and viruses, EPF do not need to be ingested; mere contact with the host is sufficient to start the infection process. Various media and techniques have been used in the past, and newer formulations of EPF are being developed to increase efficacy under varied environmental conditions. This review focuses on the infection process of these EPFs, the toxins they produce, and the various media and methods used for mass multiplication of these EPFs at a commercial scale.