Thermogenesis-linked pollination ecology of Biarum pyrami (Araceae): The first record of coleoptera-associated pollination in Turkey

Abstract

This study investigates how Biarum pyrami (Schott) Engl., a rare species belonging to the Araceae family, attracts saprophagous and carnivorous insects and how these insects participate in its pollination process. During its flowering period, the plant emits odors resembling decomposed animal dung (kairomones) and simultaneously generates heat through thermogenic activity. Through this dual-attraction strategy, the plant draws specific groups of insects, particularly those belonging to the families Scarabaeidae and Staphylinidae, into its floral structure.The field study was conducted within the borders of Burdur Province, Türkiye. Insects trapped inside the floral cone were collected and taxonomically identified in the laboratory. According to the findings, species belonging to the genera Aphodius, Onthophagus, Philonthus, Othius, and Anotylus were found within the floral cone. Although these insects are not direct pollinators, their movement within the plant contributes indirectly to pollen transfer.The strong odor and heat emitted by the plant function not only in terms of pollination but also as a natural attractant mechanism. The attraction of Coleopteran species through thermogenesis indicates that Biarum pyrami has evolved a specialized strategy shaped by natural selection.In this regard, the present study represents the first scientific research in Türkiye to address the effects of thermogenic activity on Coleopteran species and their roles in the pollination process of Biarum pyrami. Furthermore, it provides valuable contributions to the national entomological database on plant–insect interactions within the Araceae family.